Erick Erickson Identity And Identity - 1885 Words

Erick Erickson, identity was the core issue, his own sense of self were complex. His attractive mother Karla Abrahamsen, she was Danish from a very comfortable, middle class Jewish family. On their honeymoon in Rome, she parted from her first husband. He traveled abroad and she never seen him again. Erickson was born a few years later in Germany in 1902, where she stayed with some aunts. Erickson never knew who his biological father was. His mother would never tell them (Erick Erickson, sharper of: identity p. 6). For the first three years of his life he never competes for his mother’s affections/love. After Karla first husband was declared dead, she remarried. Her second husband a Jewish pediatrician from Karlsruhe. His new stepfather wanted to be accepted as Erick’s real father, later his last name was changed from Salomonsen to his own Homburger. As he grew older, further issues arose. Because of his appearance, he was tall blonde and blue-eyed, he stood at the synag ogue as different. From his local school, the converse applied, he was different because he was Jewish. He frequently visits his mother’s family in Denmark because he accepted his German nationality of his birth (Erick Erickson, sharper of: identity p. 7). Eventually, at the age of 25, Peter Blos invited him to run a small school, which aim to develop new and creative teaching methods. This was the mark of the most significant period of his life. There, he took to teaching butShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Erick Erickson Theory748 Words   |  3 PagesErick Erickson was one of the most profound theorists of psychosocial development which are comprised of eight stages. His concepts were the ones I could identify with prior to taking Human Growth and Development course. This theory is based on the stages in which certain types of conflicts are being resolved which trigger conflicts at various stages. My knowledge of Erick Erickson is he placed high emphasizes on th e impact culture and society has on the ego logical level. Before taking Human GrowthRead MoreErickson s Theory On The 8 Stages Of Development Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesErick Erickson was a German psychoanalyst who was heavily influenced by the works of Sigmund Freud (Erickson 2016). Erickson’s theory on the 8 stages of development are based around three parts of identity: social identity, personal identity (the differences between one person and another) and the identity of self. Freud exemplifies the conflict between id (the instinctive component of personality) and the superego (morals of society that are learned), whilst Erickson focuses on the role of cultureRead MoreErick Erickson A Psychoanalytical Perspective on human development2657 Words   |  11 PagesPSY 235, Lifespan Development. Abstract The growth and development happening throughout a human’s life have been divided into five broad categories including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging. However, in accordance with Erick Erickson, human development happens in eight different psychosocial stages. And that with every single stage, new conflicts arise. Yet, these crises happening in one’s life should be fully resolved before moving on to the next level. Based on Erickson’sRead MoreErikson s Theory For Psychosocial Development1000 Words   |  4 PagesErikson was a theorist who focused on his theory for psychosocial development. The article Psychosocial Identity Development Theories, highlights the keys points and idea of Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Erikson was very focused on the idea of ego identity and obtaining full potential. His theory or â€Å"model† stats that, â€Å"identity formation is based on overcoming conflicts that individuals encounter during ad olescent and early childhood.†(Karkouti, 2014, p.257) He believed that all people must endureRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : The Stages Of Development1191 Words   |  5 PagesJulissa Valtierra Mrs. Yolanda Developmental Psychology May 18, 2015 Erickson Essay Erick Erickson, a German psychoanalyst created a theory called the Stages of Development, which consist of eight phases. As a person passes though each stage they will attempt to resolve crises that are important to the process of life. These eight stages include building a sense of trust in others, discovering a sense of self, as well as preparing the forthcoming generation for the future. Since everyone is uniqueRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychosexual Development Essay2479 Words   |  10 Pagesseen through different stages in life. This paper will discuss my personal development from prenatal to adolescence, relating to domains (physical, cognitive, emotional, moral and social) and different theoretical perspectives discussed by Freud, Erickson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg and Piaget. The result of this analysis will show how developed theories help explore and explain different aspects of development. a child’s development is influenced by genetics and the world around them (nature vs. nurture)Read MoreReligion Is A Social Control Tool1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is a need for a life to have a meaning. As an initiation process into the society, religion is an absolute hinge of socialization. For this instance, religion or parental faith is transferred to from parents to their children. As argued by Erick Erickson, parents provide guidance to their children through rules and as a result, they are able to lead them into religion. Erikson (2012) made an observation that, in the later days, children do not become narcotic because of frustration, but becauseRead MoreMy Child Is A Child Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesleading her to become victimized by bullies and often feels isolated and insecure about her self. Nevertheless, she is struggling to understand who she is and where she fits in. This time of searching and exploring ones own Identity while being bullied often result in having identity crisis and a low self-esteem. Challenge and Theory Comparison Reseach by Tariq and Tayyab (2011) explained that every day millions of teens around the world wake up afraid to go to school. Lately, this worry has been increasingRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome someone outside the family. To continue with the theories let’s talk about the psychosocial theories from Erickson; during the 1902-1994 Erick Erickson develop the psychosocial theories recognizing Freud’s theories. The psychosocial theories consist in eight crisis stages of human development that needs to be resolve to be able to grow to the next stage. These stages are: what Erickson call the trust versus mistrust from infancy to 1 year, this means that the trust learned during infancy and canRead MoreChild Relational Support And Developmental Guidance Essay2368 Words   |  10 PagesApplication of Theories Two theories that can help understand the consequences of parental drinking on children are The Psychological Theory of Erick Erickson and The Attachment Theory of John Bowlby. Both theories deal with the stages of infancy/early childhood, and the positive or negative influence of parental interactions. The psychological theory of Erick Erickson is an important intervention to understand the impact of maltreatment on a young child. This theory explains the developmental stages across

The Griffin, The Mermaid, And The Giant Cyclops - 1741 Words

Throughout History and across cultures humans have always tried to make sense of scientific phenomena through stories. The stories attempt to explain scientifically unknown events such as natural disasters, astronomical or geological phenomena, or agricultural failures or successes. The stories serve to protect citizens, to explain the unexplainable, and to justify traditions. These folklore stories often stem from encounters with nature and are expressed through cultural traditions. Rocks, minerals, and fossils discovered by ancient peoples often became the fodder of folklore. Early fossil discoveries guided folklore and helped to define cultures’ belief systems as seen through art, literature, and traditions. The Griffin, the†¦show more content†¦Accordingly, Mayor and Heaney suggest that the Saka-Sythians saw the unknown skeleton fossils and used prior knowledge of known animals to construct what became known as the Griffin. The word, Griffin, is derived from a Greek word ‘gryps meaning ‘gold.’ Because the Griffin bones were generally found near gold, the Saka-Sythians made the simple connection that Griffins liked to nest with gold and protect it from thieves (Mayor 45). Fossils could have been uncovered by ancient Sythians and, consequently, been the basis of the Griffin legend, because of a number of geological factors surrounding their discovery. The Gobi Desert has little vegetation and is, therefore, highly susceptible to erosion. Fossils, along with gold particles that were in great demand, washed down from the vegetation-less mountainsides. The desert is made of soft, red, dirt which contrasts well with the white bones, making fossils easy to spot sticking out of the ground after being uncovered by erosion. Similar to recent times, Protoceratops fossils were abundant and easily collected by ancient peoples (â€Å"The Gobi Desert†). According to Russell and Currie (Mayor 43), the fossil beds would have yie lded â€Å"constantly emerging, fully articulated skeletons of beaked dinosaurs.† Paleontologist Michael Novacek also describes the ease with which Protoceratops fossils were found on his 1993 expedition to the Gobi desert with fellow paleontologistShow MoreRelatedMermaid Essay1751 Words   |  8 PagesThe Mermaid Another mythical creature that could be rooted in fossil evidence is the mermaid. The mermaid is generally characterized as a half human, half fish creature that lives deep under the sea. Mermaids appear in cultures across the globe. As Shane Killian wrote, â€Å"There are stories of mermaids, in almost every culture going back centuries† (117). From ancient times to present, there is evidence that mermaids have been a part of numerous cultures as reflected in art, literature, movies, and

Physics Projectile Motion Free Essays

Name:Lab Group 4 Date:10/26/2011 Partners: Kayla Stephens, Robin Poole, Megan McIlvoy Grade: Instructor: JPS Name:Lab Group 4 Date:10/26/2011 Partners: Kayla Stephens, Robin Poole, Megan McIlvoy Grade: Instructor: JPS Physics I Laboratory Worksheet Lab 4: Projectile Motion Objectives: Using a projectile gun on an incline plane, calculate the velocity of the steel ball at ten different distances, then find the average velocity. In order to find the velocity of the steel ball two different equations are needed. In order to find the velocity of the steel ball fired from the projectile gun on an inclined plane, the first equation must be manipulated and substituted into the second equation. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Projectile Motion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then use the average velocity to determine the distance of a projectile being released at a different angle. Physics Principles: * Converting from centimeters to meters * Trigonometric functions * Quadratic formula:x=-b ±b2-4ac2a * Know how to get the derived formula: Materials Needed: * Projectile gun * Projectile * Incline paper * Carbon paper * 4 sheets of regular printing paper * Tape Measure * Calculator * Pen * Notebook paper Pre-Lab exercise: Using the two formulas solve forv0. Equation 1: x= v0xt(vox=v0cos? ) x=v0cos? (t) t=xv0cos? Equation 2: y= y0+v0yt-12gt2(v0y=v0sin? ) y= y0+v0sin? xv0cos? -12gxv0cos? 2 y= y0+xsin? cos? -12gx2v02cos2? Procedure: 1. Tape 4 sheets of carbon paper together portrait style, end to end. Tape 4 sheets of printing paper using the same portrait style. Then tape 4 sheets of regular printing paper behind the carbon paper. Make sure to adjust the bottom edge of the taped sheets so that the bottom touches the ground. 2. Next, assemble the projectile gun with the incline plane. The angle of the incline plane was placed at 35 degrees and make sure the wing is secure so that it will not slip. 3. Test fire the projectile gun and record the distance in centimeters using the tape measure. This distance is used to determine how far the gun shoots the steel ball and will be used in the actual experiment. 4. Aim the projectile gun at the carbon paper, make sure you measure the distance from the steel ball to the ground. Fire the projectile gun at the paper and write down the number 1 next to the point where the ball hit. 5. After the first shot you can move the projectile gun backwards or forwards, depending on your decision. Fire the projectile gun and write down the number 2 for the second point. Repeat this step 8 more times and record the results on a table. 6. After all ten trials have been completed take down the printing paper sheet and measure how far between from where the bottom was to each point of contact made with the projectile gun. 7. Use the equation v0=12gx2cos2? [xtan? -y-y0] on each trial to find the velocity. Then find the average velocity for all ten trials. Carbon Paper Carbon Paper Projectile Gun Projectile Gun Results Results Conclusion: For Part I, How to cite Physics Projectile Motion, Papers

Definition of Dominant and Recessive Gene free essay sample

Chromosomes composed by thousands of genes, the chemical blueprints of all living things. Gene : 1. determiner for physical traits (eye color, blood type, bone structure) 2. impact behavioral traits (intelligence, temperament, and sociability) Made of DNA molecules, looking like a long double strand arranged in a spiraling staircase fashion. DNA composed of the same chemical bases, but the exact arrangement of chemicals varied, causing diff DNA to have diff effects. Dominance and Recessiveness Ali might have received a gene for brown eyes from one parent and a gene for blue eyes from the other. It’s the principles of dominance and recessiveness would allow us to predict that the actual color of Ali’s eyes would be brown  because genes for brown eyes are dominant over blue eye genes. Dominant gene is one that is always expressed in the phenotype (the gene that prevails when paired with a subordinate or recessive gene) Recessive gene is one that may be expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene, or when it is paired with a similar recessive gene. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Dominant and Recessive Gene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Multifactorial inheritance; more complicated form of genetic transmission, in which several gene pairs interact.

aggregate

Modeling Money For Question 1/and The Aggregate-demand/aggregate Modeling Money For Question 1/and The Aggregate Economic models al Affiliation) Sensitivity in demand for money to changes in nominal Interest rates In US data, changesof money supply in the economy have been expected to affect the nominal rates of interest in the reverse direction. Changes experienced in interest rates may be attributed to changes that are in the supply schedule, changes in demand or changes in both demand and supply schedules (Basu & Kronsjo, 2009). An increase in rates that results from an upward shift in demand of money has a different implication for the cause of economic activity as compared to an equal rise that is attainable to a downward shift in the supply of money. Consequences of an increase in the money supply on output and the price levelShort-run and long-run effects of changes in supply of money are well understood through analysis of aggregate demand. Increase in money demand in an economy reduces the interest rates since there is an increase in investment and further increase in consumer spending . An increase in supply of money in an economy also increases the demand in goods and services shifting aggregate demand to the right (Basu & Kronsjo, 2009). This result to increase in aggregate price levels but the aggregate output is back at potential output. In short-run, the economy moves to a new equilibrium where price level aggregate and aggregate output level increases in the short run. In this situation, the level of aggregate is above potential output. When there is a change in money supply, it leads to relative change in the aggregate level of price in the long run. When there is failure in money supply by 25%, there occurs a similar fall in aggregate price level in the long run. Percentage rise in money supply results to rise in aggregate price level in the long run.Dependence of the answerA consequence of increases in the money supply on output and the price level that has been discussed above depends on both short-term and long term equilibrium. The consequences that a re obtained however come in the long-term. Reference Basu, D., & Kronsjo, T. (2009). Economic models. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.

beowulf hero essay

beowulf hero essay beowulf hero essay Beowulf: Epic Hero Final Essay Gillespie British Lit The legendary hero Beowulf had great sometimes superhuman physical strength, incredible bravery and confidence, and he was protected by special armor and weapons. He was also accompanied by a loyal friend, Wiglaf, who assisted him when he needed help defeating the dragon. A hero had to have courage, strength, and the will to overcome obstacles. He had to be a good leader and a father figure to his followers. He would be merciless to enemies but show mercy to the weak. Sometimes he would act with great altruism, that is, on behalf of others without regard for self or self-interest. Can you recognize this group of qualities in more recent figures? We tell stories about national heroes of the American frontier and the American Revolution, such as George Washington, Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. We have heroes of modern political struggles, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks. The Nobel awards recognize amazing achievements in the sciences, arts, and humanitarian work. Ma ny very real, very un-mythical people have become legends because we love to hear and to repeat their unique stories. Are there "legends" in sports and entertainment who might also qualify as heroes? Does your school or town have a local hero? Who is a national or international hero? Do you know someone whom you consider an unrecognized hero? In an essay, compare and contrast Beowulf with a hero from popular culture

The effects of dehydration on the body and cognitive function Essay

The effects of dehydration on the body and cognitive function - Essay Example The results of dehydration are manifold, as water is related to the provision of oxygen and hydrogen that are important sources of energy production, yet they are most often manifested in general tiredness of the body along with deficiency in cognitive function of the human body. Since it is difficult to define cognition due to the number of psychological and physiological capabilities it comprises, researchers have often broke it divided the term into specific aspects of cognition that are being assessed. These aspects include cognitive functions such as short-term memory, working memory, discrimination between one’s perception, visual-motor function (Szinnai et al., 2005), proficiency in arithmetic, spatial memory and alertness during divided attention (D’Anci et al., 2009). Dehydration however, culminates into impacts on not only the cognitive but also the physical effects on the health of an individual. The impacts have been investigated on both young and old people participating in extensive strenuous exercises (thus dehydrating them), and also by seeking the biochemical basis of physical and cognitive instability. This paper explores the relationship between dehydration and the physical and mental well-being of individuals, in light of five different articles that have researched into the effects of dehydration. Dehydration has always been of primary concern amongst people who have excessive demand for water and are likely to be unable to adequately compensate for it. Since this category includes mostly sportsmen, a large number of researches have explored the effects that dehydration has on healthy individuals. One such research reported that performance of athletes who competed in a marathon for recreational purposes was either not affected by dehydration or was enhanced in certain people. Although this study seems to be inconsistent with certain widely acclaimed theories, its results are explained by the

Packaging and it is future in the United States Essay

Packaging and it is future in the United States - Essay Example In the United States packaging is used for different purposes. Four uses for packaging are: To contain products in specific amounts defining the amount the customer will purchase To protect products from contamination, theft, and environmental damage Facilitate transportation and storage of products To provide information and colorful designs To transmit marketing messages (Berger). During the 21st century the customer tastes and preferences have changed a lot. People have become more conscious of the environment and the effects personal consumerism decisions have on the well being of the planet. Due to these changes in the customer desires many companies are using environmentally friendly packaging alternatives. An example of an environmentally friendly packaging product is packaging that utilizes recycled material. Companies can also apply environmentally friendly practices in its packaging through its processes. Creating a packaging facility that is powered by solar energy is a wa y to implement green practices into the packaging business. Green practices can extend to other phases of the business such as having an office environment that is paper free.

Family studies on TV show-breaking bad Research Paper

Family studies on TV show-breaking bad - Research Paper Example It is the nucleus of civilization and the simplest social unit within the society that is established through marriage between the two couples (Dallos & Draper, 2010). According to Aristotle, the family is the first community, the first society and the simplest form of government that has the power to determine the destiny of its people in the face of challenges and opportunities. Bad breaking, an American TV series explores the elements of a family and the devotion that parents make to their families to enable them live a better life in their presence and absence. The thought of an early death before the financial stability of his family is assured convinces him to begin producing methamphetamine, an illegal drug to maintain the status of his family. As a man, he feels obligated to care for his family and use any means available to secure their present and future, even if the spouse leaves him due to his actions. In this paper, the elements of family as the basic unit of the society will be analyzed in line with the movie bad breaking to demonstrate the principles and elements of a family system. The development of a family is covered under the family development theory that discuss the process of family development and the systematic changes that families experiences as they move up the development hierarchy. The family cycle theory was conceived by Reuben Hill and Evelyn Duvall in the 19th century to describe the stages of development that a family undergoes till death. Based on the two social researchers, family development underwent stages that began from the early marriages, couples with young children, children beginning independent lives out of home and the empty nest of retirement and death (Dallos & Draper, 2010). Based on this approach, the family development can be studied from three levels of development which include the individual-psychological stage, the interactional-associational and the societal-institutional models

Todays Education System

Todays Education System An Essay on the Present Education System We live differently in the 21st century. This century is highly connected with technology advancement, high mobility, globalization, and generation Z. Generation Z or iGeneration is a name used for the cohort of people born from the early 2000s to the present day. This generation has some different characteristics with its preceding generation, allowing us to implement different approach in education. Our Education System: Today I will start with the problem of our current education system. The biggest problem is, it did not motivate kids. Millions of kids do not know any purposing of going to school, except obligation. When we went to school we were indoctrinated by scenario: work hard, rewarded did well, get a college, and finally you will have a job. But in the future, it is not guarantee anymore, not if the route to it marginalises what you think important about yourself. Moreover, facing the unpredictable economic circumstances. This current system was designed and conceived for a different age: Victorians, between 18th and 19th century. It was arranged in the intellectual culture of the enlightenment and in the economic circumstances of the industrial revolution. The intellectual model of the mind stated that the real intelligence consist of capacity of deductive reasoning and knowledge of the classics, what we come to think as academic ability. It divides people to academic and non academic, smart people and non-smart people. In consequences, many brilliant people think that they are not. In this system, these kids are medicated. They are forced to forget any distraction such as games, iphones, television, and focus to the boring stuff at school. Students start losing their interest, hardly thinking straight, and losing their attention completely. In class, they are given the theory and required to memorize it, without knowing the relevant of that context in real world. That is why students still disengaged. It becomes more severe with quantitative standardised testing. They only know they oblige to study and pass the standard. Education is modeled based on the interest of industrialization and in the image of it. Schools are organised on factory lines and students are its manufactured products. The Victorians produce education which remake us photocopy of each other. How do you be submissive, how do you sit patiently be disengaged for about two hours and take it. The arts are the victims of this mentality. The arts, especially address the idea of aesthetic experience, when senses are operating at their peak. When we arresting about the excitement of these things with our experiencing, when we are fully alive. While anaesthetic is experience which shut your senses off and deaden yourself to what is happening. We are getting our children educated by anaesthetising them. The implications are easy to be described. These kids only give answers based on what their teacher said. They are afraid to see things from different perspectives, lose their critical skill, and very bad predicting what will make them happy. The New Model of School Designing new model of education needs collaboration of students, teachers, schools, and government. Lets start with basic question, what kind of output that we really want from education system? I always imagine if schools can be place where students can come excitingly, full of self-directed knowledge, so much more passion and information about they want to do. It is the real learning process, they learn something when they have reason to learn it. First, we should waking them up to what is inside of themselves! If we are interested in the model of learning, we should not start from production line mentality. We have to change our direction from conformity-standardised testing and curriculum to divergent thinking. Divergent thinking is an essential capacity for creativity-the process of having original ideas that have value. It is ability to see lots of possible answers to a question, lots of ways to interpret a question, and to think laterally, not just in linear or convergent ways. We might not judge this subject is superior and this is not. We teach them how to believe their self interest, appreciate it, and facilitate that. It also crucial to change the culture of our institutions that treat academic students as the potentials product and non-academic students as the residuals. Second, we have to cut the disengaged chain between school and the reality. We must revised our goal: score oriented become exploration oriented. Students are not teached how to answer questions on the exam, but how one problem in the real word can be connected and answered by theory they learned in the class. They must not forced to forget their favourite games or television channels, but we lead combine them with education. The point is, we do not limit their imagination. They may come with unique questions or even unanswerable, but it is the way they can start thinking critically.Students will understand how their school linked to their life, and they used to see things from science perspective. Third, focusing on the reading comprehension and critical skill. Actually, it based on Indonesia condition. Trends in International Mathematics and Science (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) assessment revealed that the reading ability of Indonesian children is low. Whereas, reading ability is the fundamental of science learning. Why it can happen? One of the reason is, we do not have reading comprehension curriculum, we only have language curriculum. I also have just learned that reading to understanding is by making annotation beside the important paragraph and rewrite it on our own words through essay, not the multiple choice. The multiple choice-we used to use, is not stimulate students to love literacy and read, causing the open-minded is not formed. Finally, they do not know how to solve a problem-things they will face in reality. As I said before, this education reform also need teacher collaboration. We know, sometimes teacher treats their students as how they were treated by their teacher. It is totally different. Today generation is immune from such rigid school and strict rules are not effective anymore. Teachers have to know how to make them go to school voluntarily and fully motivated. The classroom has to be designed to provide enough space for improving students imagination and exploration. However, teachers are the executor of curriculum in the class. Go through country with the best education system, Finland, teachers there are well educated and trained. Better education system need better human resource to deliver it. Finally, what I hope to be in the new model of school and high school for 21st century are the students that full of learning enthusiasm and the teachers that focuses on exploration rather than how to prepare students passing the exam. I want reading-writing culture and curiosity colored the school. I do not want modern institution dumped critical thinking just because there is not any argument facilitator. Education is not knowledge transfer that remake students as a blueprint of their teacher. Students must have ability to transform the knowledge, so the final goal of education to put out generations who can answer the era threat can be achieved. As the Malcolm Forbes quotes Educations purpose to replace an empty mind with an open one

We Need Stricter Laws for Drunk Driving (DUI) :: Argumentative, Persuasive Essays

Drunk driving is when an individual drives a vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level over the legaly permited limit. Driving under the influence of alcohol is a major health problem in the United States as it accounts for a high number of road fatalities; hence, there is a need for stricter drunk driving rules in the United States in order to reduce drunken driving fatalities. There is a need for the introduction and implementation of new drunk driving laws by the legislature, because presently the united States drunk driving laws are too lenient. The continuous rate of drunken driving fatalities makes a case that the united States drunk driving laws are too lenient and makes a call for stricter laws. According to Valenti â€Å"countries with strict drunk driving penalties have a far lower incidence of accidents than the United States (1). The United States being a first world country is weak in enforcing strict punishment for drunk drivers. Valenti is emphasizing on the fact that the united States need to improve their present laws and be firm in enforcing these new laws. There is a need for the United States to improve on their severity of its drunk driving penalties just the way the other part of the world have done and this is giving them a reduced rate of drunk driving fatalities. The claim of the leniency of the United States drunk driv ing laws is further stated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), this is a prominent body when it comes to the issue of drunken driving fatalities. It claims that the drunken driving laws are severe enough. â€Å"Despite great strides in awareness, education and enforcement in the last two decades the United States still has one of the most lenient drunken driving standards in the world†. (NHTSA of existing laws. There is a need for stricter laws to be introduced as the United States ranks behind the world when it comes to effort to combat drunk driving and more efforts need to be put in place by the implementation of harsher laws so as to reduce the high rate of repeat offenders and first time offenders. The rate of repeat offenders is rising and the need to suppress this rate should be attended to immediately. Statistics supports the implementation of stricter rules, as the continual rate of the repeat offenders increases.

Nonverbal Communication

Introduction The saying goes, â€Å"Look into a person’s eyes, and you will see their soul. † But what is it about the eyes that hold so much? Why do the eyes embrace so much emotion, so many feelings? The eyes, along with other body aspects, are able to communicate to people in ways our words cannot, for â€Å"eye contact is an invitation to communicate. If you look directly into a person’s eyes, [†¦] they will respond in some manner† (Andersen, 2004).Albert Mehrabian (1967) stated that 55% of communication is body language, 38% of communication is tonality, and 7% of communication is the actual words that are spoken (Misunderstanding Section, line 2). Altogether, 93% of communication is unspoken words – what we use to give or withhold meaning from our words. Communication is a complicated, ongoing process of sending and receiving messages. These messages provide both implicit and explicit interpretations depending on the synchrony between the spoken word and the body language associated with it.Body language is defined as â€Å"the gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others† (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Knowing 93% of communication lies in unspoken word, teachers must put forth an effort to communicate through their actions and tone of voice, â€Å"Teachers should be aware of nonverbal communication in the classroom for two basic reasons: to become better receivers of students' messages and to gain the ability to send positive signals that reinforce students' learning while simultaneously becoming more skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle their learning† (Miller, 2005).Teachers need to be more concerned about their teaching-learning situations because â€Å"the pattern of behavior of the teacher affects the pattern of behavior of the learner† (Clark, 1978). With this, teachers must focus on changing the learner’s behavior by changing their own behavior. By paying attention to nonverbal communication, teachers can better manage their classroom and the learners in that environment. One major aspect of body language is eye contact, â€Å"When you fail to make eye contact with someone, you are treating her or him as a nonperson and inviting that person to  not  communicate† (Andersen, 2004, p. 6). Teachers know that students respond to how they treat them. Therefore, when they choose to interact with them, they can help regulate behaviors by maintaining eye contact. In fact, eye contact from the teacher is the most important nonverbal behavior, for â€Å"eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students. [†¦] Increasing [†¦] eye contact dramatically improves motivation in the learning process† (Andersen, 2004, p. 42). Review of Literature In 1507, Leonardo da Vinci revealed his now legendary painting  Mona Lisa.Sent ence and Verbal CommunicationStudied by many and known by all, this painting was the first study to look at body language. It intrigues so many people because the painting is so complex, just like body language. The most interesting aspect of this painting is Mona’s smile. This smile portrays more than just one emotion. In addition, Mona’s gaze follows the viewer no matter the angle she is viewed from. There are many meanings and emotions hidden in this picture and that is why it arguably is the best-known painting in the world (Riding, 2005, lines 4-6).In his book,  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin (1872) looked at how our emotions express our feelings and thoughts. Through his many studies, Darwin was able to prove that our expressions of emotions portray more than words. Darwin studied the eyes, nose, arms, voice, and many other body features in order to verify a correlation between body language and others’ perceptions. Oft en, our facial features correlate with our tone of voice in order to express a certain feeling, â€Å"The pitch of the voice bears some relation to certain states of feeling is tolerably clear† (Darwin, 1872, p. 03). This being true, one can easily sense another’s emotion, such as high spirits, by simply focusing on the unspoken word: A [person] in high spirits, though [he/she] may not actually smile, commonly exhibits some tendency to the retraction of the corners of his mouth. From the excitement of pleasure, the circulation becomes more rapid; the eyes are bright, and the colour of the face rises. The brain, being stimulated by the increased flow of blood, reacts on the mental powers; lively ideas pass still more rapidly through the mind, and the affections are warmed (Darwin, 1872, p. 696-697).Darwin claims that our emotions are intricately intertwined with our whole body. Our emotions, mind, and body work as one to send signals to other people. People use body lan guage to help drive interaction and keep others engaged. But what happens when our body language is not the same â€Å"language† as someone from another country? This poses a problem not only in society but in classrooms as well. Teachers are being asked more and more to create an atmosphere of inclusivity in order to accommodate for diverse populations including gender, ethnicity, religion, and ability. Debra Pitton et. al. 1993) stated teachers have a responsibility to provide the best possible educational experience day to day and this experience must include body language for many reasons: By incorporating the study of nonverbal messages into pre-service studies, teachers will more readily be able to help students become cognizant of culture, ethnicity, and gender as important variables in everyday life. This will also help students, as they will benefit from an increased appreciation of diversity when they assume their future roles as parents, teachers, community leaders , co-workers, employers, and citizens.An inclusive education should facilitate the changes in climate necessary to ensure ongoing change, and knowledge of culturally specific nonverbal communication patterns can enhance this process (p. 2). Teachers’ goals are to help their students be active participants in their community and in society. In order to do so, students must be able to understand verbal and nonverbal communication signals as they relate from one person and one context to the next. Nonverbal relates to the unspoken word and a means to send messages that are â€Å"not sanctioned for verbal delivery by our culture† (Wiemann, 1975).As humans, we have a particular strength to respond quickly and unconsciously pick up clues to other’s nonverbal behavior so that we can respond and react; however, we are culture-bound in what we see and can interpret those behaviors incorrectly depending on our background and experiences (Cohen, 1971). Nonverbal behavior i s difficult to control or to censor. Nonverbal behavior comes naturally to an individual based on true emotions, feelings, and culture – it is less likely to be deceptive as verbal communication can be (Galloway, 1993).With this, there seems to be a necessity for teachers to have complete control over their nonverbal behaviors in order to communicate to their students effectively. Students read more from their teacher’s body language than they do their actual words. In fact, most teachers â€Å"are not aware of the ways in which they transmit nonverbal messages to pupils. Classroom culture has its own nonverbal language and pupils absorb its nuances along with the spoken language† (Spanjer, 1972). Peter Andersen (2004) claims immediacy behaviors, hich â€Å"signal approach and availability, and send warm, stimulating messages to other people,† help teachers develop a positive relationship with their students. Some immediacy behaviors include touching, smi ling, nodding, facing others, showing relaxation, leaning toward others, and synchronizing our conversations; however, in the classroom, the most important immediacy behavior is eye contact, â€Å"Teacher eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students† (Andersen, 2004).Being able to read body language gives teachers an advantage at recognizing their students’ true emotions, enabling the teacher to be more effective on a minute-to-minute basis. By increasing immediacy behaviors, students’ motivation in the learning process dramatically improves (Andersen, 2004). Teachers need to be aware of immediacy behaviors, such as eye contact, in order to help their students’ succeed in the classroom and, ultimately, outside of the classroom. When it comes to motivating students to complete their work, nonverbal behavior is a prime factor in teacher effectiveness. Research studies [across K-college] found that learners at all levels reacted more favorably to teachers who used nonverbal immediacy cues. [†¦] Increasing immediacy behaviors dramatically improves students’ motivation† (Goman, 2008). Andersen (2004) concluded people trust body language over the spoken word (p. 14).People trust body language because it is spontaneous, multi-channeled, and possesses redundant qualities that make it very hard to completely fake (Andersen, 2004). This is applied in classrooms as well. Students rely on the teacher’s body language in order to interpret the meaning of their words; however, teachers are not well educated in the area of body language. No prerequisite courses are offered to teachers during their undergraduate/graduate years that help prepare them in nonverbal communication because it is still a largely unexplored area (Ligons, 1973).Teachers must be aware of nonverbal communication in their classrooms because â€Å"nonverbal communication i s the medium through which relationships are maintained, regulated, and guided within culturally-prescribed patterns† (Grove, 1976). Focusing on professional success in the classroom is crucial, especially at a changing time in education’s history with the passing of the Budget Bill by Governor Walker, â€Å"At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, nd the need for, good interpersonal skills couldn’t be greater† (Goman, 2008). Method The examination underlying this paper is a better understanding of how adverse nonverbal behavior (in relation to the spoken word) will, ultimately, negatively impact students emotionally, behaviorally, and academically that teachers find as â€Å"problem students,† â€Å"different,† and/or â€Å"difficult. This investigation began with the articleThe Nonverbal Advantage  (Goman, 2008) and the evidence of increasing student motivati on and success in the classroom by changing behavior. Understanding the importance of body language in the classroom setting provided a pathway of inquiry related to immediacy behaviors, student motivation/success, and the classroom teacher of the 21st  century. This included reviewing research and articles from different time periods, even dating back to the late 19th  century.The information gathered proved the lack of current research existing in relation to nonverbal communication in a classroom setting; however, after reading multiple examples that verify the significance body language has in relation to student achievement, information regarding nonverbal behavior and its correlation to student motivation and achievement is imperative to know in order to progress not only certain classrooms but also schools as a whole.A short survey of nine multiple choice questions and one open-ended question (optional to answer) focused on teachers’ views of nonverbal behavior in the profession of teaching and working with children. The survey also provided information regarding their awareness of their own nonverbal behavior along with their thoughts on the ability to change their nonverbal behavior.The purpose of this research was to aid in providing valuable information to serve as a guide for teachers and administrators on how to change their behavior in order to change their students’ behavior and, ultimately, improve student achievement and motivation as well as schools’ success. Nonverbal communication pertains to the course of communication that involves the transfer and receipt of messages that are not related to the use of words (Knapp and Hall, 2007).   The messages transferred to the listener are generally associated with body language, as well as gestures, posture, external appearance or clothing, facial manifestations and even hairstyles.   Nonverbal communication is thus strongly influenced by visual messages which symbolize particular meanings to the listener.   Other paralanguage forms of nonverbal communication include the quality of the speaker’s voice and his style of speaking.   It should be noted that any features related to stress and rhythm of the speaker’s voice may also influence how a listener receives a speaker’s message. In the workplace, nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate.   It is well known that the employees at a workplace need to work together and cooperate in order to achieve the status of a productive company.   Cooperation and harmony are thus closely related to the trust and confidence of each employee to himself and to his co-workers and these factors are often influenced by both verbal and nonverbal communications among individuals in the workplace (Ottenheimer, 2007). It should be understood that even if the right phrases and words were expressed by an individual, the actual message of the spoken words and sentences are often changed by the accompanying nonverbal signals that the speaker is showing to the listener.   These nonverbal signs may or may not be consciously being shown yet it is a fact that these nonverbal signs often modify the message that is sent out to the listener. a)   In a meeting at my workplace, our supervisor was suggesting some changes to the organization and functioning of our small company.   Changes in our company are not a common occurrence, hence there was some shock among the members of the workplace as soon as the supervisor mentioned about the plan of modifying particular functions of specific members of the office.   I noticed that our supervisor was a bit uptight while he was proceeding to describe the changes that he would implement at the workplace. His voice was a bit hard and had a lower tone, which I usually do not hear during regular peaceful workdays.   In addition, the supervisor was sweating in his forehead hence this gave me two impressions.   Firstly, he was nervous, possibly because he knew that the topic he was discussing with the members of the workforce was not the best topic to talk about.   Secondly, I felt that our supervisor was not sure about his plan and he just wants to try out this new plan in order to determine whether this plan is indeed the right action to perform in order to solve the problem.   On the other hand, my co-workers were quiet while listening to our supervisor and there was not a single smile or voice from my co-workers. b)   When our supervisor finished explaining his plan of changing specific functions of particular individuals in our workplace, there were contradictions that came from some members of the office.   One co-worker asked why our supervisor came up with this plan. However, I also noticed that this particular co-worker gave out his question with a low voice, too, just the same as our supervisor and this low voice made me feel that our co-worker was not pleased and was actually upset over the changes that the supervisor was planning to implement.   At this point, the supervisor tried to explain his side of the plan with a normal pitched voice and this made our co-worker listen and understand why such changes would be implemented in our workplace, and that is to increase the sales of the company. c)   Nonverbal communications strongly influence the success or failure of communications because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being exchanged between individuals, including the sense of sight and even sound (Hargie and Dickson, 2004).   For example, it is easier to talk to a person who speaks in a soft voice than deal with a person who speaks with a very loud voice. d)   The use words in communication often involves meanings hence individuals should be careful with their choice of words because there a certain words that are linked to denotations or connotations.   For example, if a co-worker calls a female co-worker a queen, this may either mean that she is very productive and knowledgeable at work, or this may mean that she is only good for bossing people around.   Hence the use of words may be tricky and an individual should be cautious when describing specific individuals and issues at the workplace. e)   An effective listening technique that may be employed by a manager is to carry an attentive facial expression while hearing out a subordinate’s message.   In addition, a manager may also try to nod to the employee every now and then, in order to let the employee feel that he is welcome to express his ideas and concerns to his supervisor.   The nodding of the manager does not mean that he agrees to everything that the subordinate says, but it means that he is listening to what the subordinate is saying. Conclusion:   Nonverbal communication is generally associated with body language, gestures and posture as well as paralanguage forms that influence the success or failure of exchanges between individuals because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being sent out to other individuals.   Nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate because it positive communications promote cooperation and harmony between individuals. Reference Hargie O and Dickson D   (2004): Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Hove: Routledge Publishers. Knapp ML and Hall JA (2007): Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 5th ed. Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. Ottenheimer HJ (2007):   The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.                         Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication is a very large part of human communication behavior. The types of nonverbal communication can range from a simple smile to an obvious avoidance of eye contact, but each behavior carries a direct message that can be understood by all the individuals in a public communication situation. Nonverbal communication, for use in this analysis, is defined by Canary and Dindia (1998) as the form of communication that does not include words; messages expressed by nonlinguistic means, people s actions or attributes, including their use of objects, sounds, time and space, that have socially shared significance and stimulate meaning in others (Canary &Dindia, 1998). Nonverbal communication plays a role in all communication: it is impossible to communicate without sending out nonverbal clues. These clues help others determine the truth behind one’s words and their true feelings. Nonverbal communication is a powerful form of communication in that it expresses and reveals attitudes and attributes that may not be expressed by the words spoken. Through my own observation of a public communication situation, a set of rules for nonverbal communication for that situation was determined, yet it varied according to age and gender. Nonverbal communication rules may differ according to the situation.Sentence and Verbal Communication An individuals actions are different when riding on the subway than their actions when getting acquainted at the local pub. Actions when riding in an elevator may be perceived very differently when doing business at a post office. This analysis does not assume or argue that the rules for nonverbal communication are the same for every public communication situation. Rather, each situation has its own set of rules for nonverbal behavior, and the observation and experience of each situation determines its set of rules. Nonverbal communication pertains to the course of communication that involves the transfer and receipt of messages that are not related to the use of words (Knapp and Hall, 2007).   The messages transferred to the listener are generally associated with body language, as well as gestures, posture, external appearance or clothing, facial manifestations and even hairstyles.   Nonverbal communication is thus strongly influenced by visual messages which symbolize particular meanings to the listener.   Other paralanguage forms of nonverbal communication include the quality of the speaker’s voice and his style of speaking.   It should be noted that any features related to stress and rhythm of the speaker’s voice may also influence how a listener receives a speaker’s message. In the workplace, nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate.   It is well known that the employees at a workplace need to work together and cooperate in order to achieve the status of a productive company.   Cooperation and harmony are thus closely related to the trust and confidence of each employee to himself and to his co-workers and these factors are often influenced by both verbal and nonverbal communications among individuals in the workplace (Ottenheimer, 2007). It should be understood that even if the right phrases and words were expressed by an individual, the actual message of the spoken words and sentences are often changed by the accompanying nonverbal signals that the speaker is showing to the listener.   These nonverbal signs may or may not be consciously being shown yet it is a fact that these nonverbal signs often modify the message that is sent out to the listener. a)   In a meeting at my workplace, our supervisor was suggesting some changes to the organization and functioning of our small company.   Changes in our company are not a common occurrence, hence there was some shock among the members of the workplace as soon as the supervisor mentioned about the plan of modifying particular functions of specific members of the office.   I noticed that our supervisor was a bit uptight while he was proceeding to describe the changes that he would implement at the workplace. His voice was a bit hard and had a lower tone, which I usually do not hear during regular peaceful workdays.   In addition, the supervisor was sweating in his forehead hence this gave me two impressions.   Firstly, he was nervous, possibly because he knew that the topic he was discussing with the members of the workforce was not the best topic to talk about.   Secondly, I felt that our supervisor was not sure about his plan and he just wants to try out this new plan in order to determine whether this plan is indeed the right action to perform in order to solve the problem.   On the other hand, my co-workers were quiet while listening to our supervisor and there was not a single smile or voice from my co-workers. b)   When our supervisor finished explaining his plan of changing specific functions of particular individuals in our workplace, there were contradictions that came from some members of the office.   One co-worker asked why our supervisor came up with this plan. However, I also noticed that this particular co-worker gave out his question with a low voice, too, just the same as our supervisor and this low voice made me feel that our co-worker was not pleased and was actually upset over the changes that the supervisor was planning to implement.   At this point, the supervisor tried to explain his side of the plan with a normal pitched voice and this made our co-worker listen and understand why such changes would be implemented in our workplace, and that is to increase the sales of the company. c)   Nonverbal communications strongly influence the success or failure of communications because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being exchanged between individuals, including the sense of sight and even sound (Hargie and Dickson, 2004).   For example, it is easier to talk to a person who speaks in a soft voice than deal with a person who speaks with a very loud voice. d)   The use words in communication often involves meanings hence individuals should be careful with their choice of words because there a certain words that are linked to denotations or connotations.   For example, if a co-worker calls a female co-worker a queen, this may either mean that she is very productive and knowledgeable at work, or this may mean that she is only good for bossing people around.   Hence the use of words may be tricky and an individual should be cautious when describing specific individuals and issues at the workplace. e)   An effective listening technique that may be employed by a manager is to carry an attentive facial expression while hearing out a subordinate’s message.   In addition, a manager may also try to nod to the employee every now and then, in order to let the employee feel that he is welcome to express his ideas and concerns to his supervisor.   The nodding of the manager does not mean that he agrees to everything that the subordinate says, but it means that he is listening to what the subordinate is saying. Conclusion:   Nonverbal communication is generally associated with body language, gestures and posture as well as paralanguage forms that influence the success or failure of exchanges between individuals because it provides additional senses and emotions to the messages that are being sent out to other individuals.   Nonverbal communications play an important role in the interactions among co-workers, as well as the interrelationship between supervisor and his subordinate because it positive communications promote cooperation and harmony between individuals. Reference Hargie O and Dickson D   (2004): Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Hove: Routledge Publishers. Knapp ML and Hall JA (2007): Nonverbal communication in human interaction, 5th ed. Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. Ottenheimer HJ (2007):   The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.                         Nonverbal Communication Introduction The saying goes, â€Å"Look into a person’s eyes, and you will see their soul. † But what is it about the eyes that hold so much? Why do the eyes embrace so much emotion, so many feelings? The eyes, along with other body aspects, are able to communicate to people in ways our words cannot, for â€Å"eye contact is an invitation to communicate. If you look directly into a person’s eyes, [†¦] they will respond in some manner† (Andersen, 2004).Albert Mehrabian (1967) stated that 55% of communication is body language, 38% of communication is tonality, and 7% of communication is the actual words that are spoken (Misunderstanding Section, line 2). Altogether, 93% of communication is unspoken words – what we use to give or withhold meaning from our words. Communication is a complicated, ongoing process of sending and receiving messages. These messages provide both implicit and explicit interpretations depending on the synchrony between the spoken word and the body language associated with it.Body language is defined as â€Å"the gestures, movements, and mannerisms by which a person or animal communicates with others† (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Knowing 93% of communication lies in unspoken word, teachers must put forth an effort to communicate through their actions and tone of voice, â€Å"Teachers should be aware of nonverbal communication in the classroom for two basic reasons: to become better receivers of students' messages and to gain the ability to send positive signals that reinforce students' learning while simultaneously becoming more skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle their learning† (Miller, 2005).Teachers need to be more concerned about their teaching-learning situations because â€Å"the pattern of behavior of the teacher affects the pattern of behavior of the learner† (Clark, 1978). With this, teachers must focus on changing the learner’s behavior by changing their own behavior. By paying attention to nonverbal communication, teachers can better manage their classroom and the learners in that environment. One major aspect of body language is eye contact, â€Å"When you fail to make eye contact with someone, you are treating her or him as a nonperson and inviting that person to  not  communicate† (Andersen, 2004, p. 6). Teachers know that students respond to how they treat them. Therefore, when they choose to interact with them, they can help regulate behaviors by maintaining eye contact. In fact, eye contact from the teacher is the most important nonverbal behavior, for â€Å"eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students. [†¦] Increasing [†¦] eye contact dramatically improves motivation in the learning process† (Andersen, 2004, p. 42). Review of Literature In 1507, Leonardo da Vinci revealed his now legendary painting  Mona Lisa.Sent ence and Verbal CommunicationStudied by many and known by all, this painting was the first study to look at body language. It intrigues so many people because the painting is so complex, just like body language. The most interesting aspect of this painting is Mona’s smile. This smile portrays more than just one emotion. In addition, Mona’s gaze follows the viewer no matter the angle she is viewed from. There are many meanings and emotions hidden in this picture and that is why it arguably is the best-known painting in the world (Riding, 2005, lines 4-6).In his book,  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin (1872) looked at how our emotions express our feelings and thoughts. Through his many studies, Darwin was able to prove that our expressions of emotions portray more than words. Darwin studied the eyes, nose, arms, voice, and many other body features in order to verify a correlation between body language and others’ perceptions. Oft en, our facial features correlate with our tone of voice in order to express a certain feeling, â€Å"The pitch of the voice bears some relation to certain states of feeling is tolerably clear† (Darwin, 1872, p. 03). This being true, one can easily sense another’s emotion, such as high spirits, by simply focusing on the unspoken word: A [person] in high spirits, though [he/she] may not actually smile, commonly exhibits some tendency to the retraction of the corners of his mouth. From the excitement of pleasure, the circulation becomes more rapid; the eyes are bright, and the colour of the face rises. The brain, being stimulated by the increased flow of blood, reacts on the mental powers; lively ideas pass still more rapidly through the mind, and the affections are warmed (Darwin, 1872, p. 696-697).Darwin claims that our emotions are intricately intertwined with our whole body. Our emotions, mind, and body work as one to send signals to other people. People use body lan guage to help drive interaction and keep others engaged. But what happens when our body language is not the same â€Å"language† as someone from another country? This poses a problem not only in society but in classrooms as well. Teachers are being asked more and more to create an atmosphere of inclusivity in order to accommodate for diverse populations including gender, ethnicity, religion, and ability. Debra Pitton et. al. 1993) stated teachers have a responsibility to provide the best possible educational experience day to day and this experience must include body language for many reasons: By incorporating the study of nonverbal messages into pre-service studies, teachers will more readily be able to help students become cognizant of culture, ethnicity, and gender as important variables in everyday life. This will also help students, as they will benefit from an increased appreciation of diversity when they assume their future roles as parents, teachers, community leaders , co-workers, employers, and citizens.An inclusive education should facilitate the changes in climate necessary to ensure ongoing change, and knowledge of culturally specific nonverbal communication patterns can enhance this process (p. 2). Teachers’ goals are to help their students be active participants in their community and in society. In order to do so, students must be able to understand verbal and nonverbal communication signals as they relate from one person and one context to the next. Nonverbal relates to the unspoken word and a means to send messages that are â€Å"not sanctioned for verbal delivery by our culture† (Wiemann, 1975).As humans, we have a particular strength to respond quickly and unconsciously pick up clues to other’s nonverbal behavior so that we can respond and react; however, we are culture-bound in what we see and can interpret those behaviors incorrectly depending on our background and experiences (Cohen, 1971). Nonverbal behavior i s difficult to control or to censor. Nonverbal behavior comes naturally to an individual based on true emotions, feelings, and culture – it is less likely to be deceptive as verbal communication can be (Galloway, 1993).With this, there seems to be a necessity for teachers to have complete control over their nonverbal behaviors in order to communicate to their students effectively. Students read more from their teacher’s body language than they do their actual words. In fact, most teachers â€Å"are not aware of the ways in which they transmit nonverbal messages to pupils. Classroom culture has its own nonverbal language and pupils absorb its nuances along with the spoken language† (Spanjer, 1972). Peter Andersen (2004) claims immediacy behaviors, hich â€Å"signal approach and availability, and send warm, stimulating messages to other people,† help teachers develop a positive relationship with their students. Some immediacy behaviors include touching, smi ling, nodding, facing others, showing relaxation, leaning toward others, and synchronizing our conversations; however, in the classroom, the most important immediacy behavior is eye contact, â€Å"Teacher eye contact shows confidence, controls classroom interaction, and enables teachers to read the body language of their students† (Andersen, 2004).Being able to read body language gives teachers an advantage at recognizing their students’ true emotions, enabling the teacher to be more effective on a minute-to-minute basis. By increasing immediacy behaviors, students’ motivation in the learning process dramatically improves (Andersen, 2004). Teachers need to be aware of immediacy behaviors, such as eye contact, in order to help their students’ succeed in the classroom and, ultimately, outside of the classroom. When it comes to motivating students to complete their work, nonverbal behavior is a prime factor in teacher effectiveness. Research studies [across K-college] found that learners at all levels reacted more favorably to teachers who used nonverbal immediacy cues. [†¦] Increasing immediacy behaviors dramatically improves students’ motivation† (Goman, 2008). Andersen (2004) concluded people trust body language over the spoken word (p. 14).People trust body language because it is spontaneous, multi-channeled, and possesses redundant qualities that make it very hard to completely fake (Andersen, 2004). This is applied in classrooms as well. Students rely on the teacher’s body language in order to interpret the meaning of their words; however, teachers are not well educated in the area of body language. No prerequisite courses are offered to teachers during their undergraduate/graduate years that help prepare them in nonverbal communication because it is still a largely unexplored area (Ligons, 1973).Teachers must be aware of nonverbal communication in their classrooms because â€Å"nonverbal communication i s the medium through which relationships are maintained, regulated, and guided within culturally-prescribed patterns† (Grove, 1976). Focusing on professional success in the classroom is crucial, especially at a changing time in education’s history with the passing of the Budget Bill by Governor Walker, â€Å"At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, nd the need for, good interpersonal skills couldn’t be greater† (Goman, 2008). Method The examination underlying this paper is a better understanding of how adverse nonverbal behavior (in relation to the spoken word) will, ultimately, negatively impact students emotionally, behaviorally, and academically that teachers find as â€Å"problem students,† â€Å"different,† and/or â€Å"difficult. This investigation began with the articleThe Nonverbal Advantage  (Goman, 2008) and the evidence of increasing student motivati on and success in the classroom by changing behavior. Understanding the importance of body language in the classroom setting provided a pathway of inquiry related to immediacy behaviors, student motivation/success, and the classroom teacher of the 21st  century. This included reviewing research and articles from different time periods, even dating back to the late 19th  century.The information gathered proved the lack of current research existing in relation to nonverbal communication in a classroom setting; however, after reading multiple examples that verify the significance body language has in relation to student achievement, information regarding nonverbal behavior and its correlation to student motivation and achievement is imperative to know in order to progress not only certain classrooms but also schools as a whole.A short survey of nine multiple choice questions and one open-ended question (optional to answer) focused on teachers’ views of nonverbal behavior in the profession of teaching and working with children. The survey also provided information regarding their awareness of their own nonverbal behavior along with their thoughts on the ability to change their nonverbal behavior.The purpose of this research was to aid in providing valuable information to serve as a guide for teachers and administrators on how to change their behavior in order to change their students’ behavior and, ultimately, improve student achievement and motivation as well as schools’ success.

10 Career Lessons You Need to Learn Before its Too Late

10 Career Lessons You Need to Learn Before its Too Late We’re all told to put our noses to the grindstone and keep them there. But too often, we just keep following the path in front of us and working hard and, before we know it, years have flown by and we aren’t where we wanted to end up. Here are the 10 best career lessons everyone should take to heart earlier in their lives and careers, before it’s too late to take the good advice.1. Life is shortBad bosses, unsatisfying jobs, soulless companies, demeaning positions, toxic coworkers. All of these things are easy to overlook in service of â€Å"keeping your head down,† but the truth is life is just too short. Instead of spending your time putting up with all that nonsense and convincing yourself it’s worth it, why not put your energy into finding a better situation while you still have the option.2. Networking mattersYou may hate networking events, but they are going to be invaluable to you one day. The most successful people have the widest and broade st social networks. So get in amongst it around the water cooler, attend the mixer, mingle. Make connections. Your success may depend on the people you get to know.3. Choose health over  wealthWork life balance can be incredibly difficult to achieve. And sometimes it just seems easier to tunnel deeper into work, constantly driving yourself towards success. Don’t let yourself be one of them or you’ll end up burning out- or developing serious health problems from stress. Take care of yourself. Stay healthy and you’ll end up being more successful.4. Get offscreenAt the end of your life, the best and most memorable moments will not be ones you spent staring at a screen. Put the phone down. Walk away from the monitor. Go live your life and make some real memories and change in the world.5. Keep learningThey day you decide you have nothing left to learn is the day you become truly ignorant. Old dogs can learn new tricks. In fact, you should seek them out. Constantly stretch yourself to learn new skills and information. Don’t get left behind.6. DiversifyWhile you’re learning new things, make a point of expanding your comfort zone and your wheelhouse of skills. The more you can do, the more successful you will be. And the more versatile with dealing with life and career challenges. Make sure you’re not just good at only one thing.7. Stick togetherYou may think you can get farther faster if you just go it alone, but the truth is you’ll get farther by working as a team and building something bigger than yourself. Also, teamwork is more and more important in the current economy. Learn to share and multiply success.8. Worry does not equal achievementYou cannot worry your way to success. If you’re anxious, the antidote is simple: action. Hustle your way out of the stress spiral. Push through the fear to find the proactive things that you can do to make a difference in the state of your career (or the world).9. Failu re is productiveThink of every failure not as an end, but as an opportunity for a new beginning. Start a new journey with each failure and you’ll be guaranteed to get more out of life.10. It’s a journey, not a destinationHappiness is not just something you arrive at, magically, after doing what you think you’re supposed to do. Make mindful choices and decide you’re going to be happy with where you are and what you’re working towards, regardless of how far in the future those rewards may be. Approach everything with an attitude of positivity and happiness, and you will find success.

please essays

please essays aquifer while rain falling onto the shoreline regions recharges the shallow aquifers system only. Earlier studies of the groundwater flow potentials at a Brookhaven landfill found that there was little to no , 1995). The town maintains a monitoring network in multi-well clusters in the vicinity of the landfill. The study concludes that there were differences found among the Upper Glacial aquifer ground water from two locals. Analysis of the data shows flowpath from the Upper Glacial aquifer into the Magothy aquifer and back to the Upper Glacial aquifer. The conclusion of the study states the two implications for the siting of public drinking water wells: First, drinking water drawn from the Magothy aquifer may contain contaminants found in the Upper Glacial aquifer, if the well is sited at the edge of the Deep-recharge Zones and is screened in the shallower portions of the Magothy aquifer. Second, public water in deeper the well is outside the Deep-recharge Zones. A resident had lived in her Sag Harbor home less than six months when she discovered by accident that it the site to her. A Manhattan couple were looking to move to Long Island with their infant twins. After putting a binder on a home they discovered that the property abutted a former landfill that had been designated a federal Superfund site. Another homeowner found that several years before, well water in the community was found to have been contaminated by chemicals leaking into the groundwater. Government officials say there is little need to be concerned for health and safety. But neighbors say there have been many cancer-related illnesses and deaths in the neighborhood, although there have been no medical studies. In any case, property values have plummeted. In the long run, fear among the residents could lead to mass migration six months when she discovered by accident that it the site to her. A Manhattan couple were ...

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a relaxed coorporate culture on the Research Paper

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a relaxed coorporate culture on the employees within a travel leisure industry - Research Paper Example Offering employees opportunities for free expression, the ability to offer their own innovations related to changes in the corporate environment, and improving the social networking opportunities with peers and managers are often the human resources activities that have become paramount to building a more cooperative and loyal organisation. However, despite these changes related to giving employees more opportunities within the business, there are problems with decentralisation efforts in business when decision-making is taken away from senior executive leadership and given to lower-level employees. Without tighter controls in areas of job role function and line management, employees have opportunities to become too focused on their own individualized reward systems and can potentially create competition between peers rather than creating a team-focused environment dedicated to meeting long-term strategic goals. Especially in a travel leisure industry, where customer lifestyles and d emands for service are extremely diverse, lack of organisational controls might lead to negative brand word-of-mouth or provide customers with a less-organised service experience that can ultimately lead to lost profitability and diminished customer loyalty. The question is then asked as to whether a relaxed corporate culture can be effective in this industry where emotions and psychological behaviours drive the majority of customer decision-making. Are there advantages, in this dynamic industry, in having a relaxed culture? Literature Review Decentralisation of business is designed to give more insight to employees and help them become more motivated by giving them autonomy and developing them as decision makers in the business. It is often the foundation of the relaxed corporate culture where controls are minimal. This section describes advantages and disadvantages, potentially, of the relaxed corporate culture. Companies with a relaxed culture that focuses on individual self-expr ession and job role autonomy often have a strong human resources focus that helps build more team methodology and improvement of communications and social networking with diverse employee groups. According to Chow (2009) people who work in organisations that have a wide social network filled with influential peer and management relationship are able to develop trust, respect and seem to perform better than those who cannot draw on social networks in a more controlled environment. The nature of the service delivery concept in travel leisure businesses demands a team philosophy to ensure that customers receive an optimized service experience and improve the reputation of the hospitality company. It would seem that focusing on more socialization in the organisation improves total group function and makes it a more collaborative organisation so as to provide customers with top notch service delivery. However, there are those in the business environment that would disagree, suggesting th at there are more important dimensions than simply giving workers more autonomy and decision-making control in order to be successful. Phipps & Burbach (2010) identify that in order to achieve the organisation’

Management skillsDiversity within in the Workplace Article - 1

Management skillsDiversity within in the Workplace - Article Example This reflects AusBank’s external and internal customer base and there place as banking firm in the country. In order to create diversity at work place, it is vital to establish a diversity council which in turn will foster great initiative that aims in developing women and creating more opportunities for them. It has been witnessed having balanced leadership with women in leadership position leads to a diverse team of leaders at work. Although AusBank has been identified as the only institution promoting diversity at work place, its hierarchy is shaky in that it negatively influences employees who are not white especially male employees. More so, in order to promote diversity, it significant that an organization treat all its members based on the skills, abilities and experience but not gender, race or religion as they derail success in the organization due to conflicts. In addition, presence of personal skills and abilities such as self awareness, interpersonal an group skills are important towards promoting diversity since there is mutual understanding of tasks through effective communication. In addition, workers are intrinsically and extrinsically motivated to

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Reflection - Essay Example erg’s comments on sexuality and oppression are very insightful, it appears as though she can take any gesture, action, or viewpoint and show how it is literally or symbolically oppressing women. One of the most bizarre analyses that she proposes comes from the section of her chapter that touches on a man holding open the door for a women. She mentions that this is viewed positively and negatively by our culture, but that symbolically it holds completely negative meanings. Rothenberg compares this act to a slave performing for the master, and in turn, argues that it is mocking the woman’s position in society because the woman is always the one taking care of the man. Most men are not holding open a door for a lady to mock, abuse, or belittle her. This is an act out of respect that is meant to honor the presence of the woman and make sure that she knows that the man cares about her. A poll could be taken by every man in America and none of them would say that they have held open a door for a lady to intentionally oppress them or mock their existence. Rothenberg also makes reference that a woman, no matter how she dresses, behaves, or is sexually active or non-active sh e is perceived as wanting sex and, therefore, wanting to be raped. This is an absurd notion that anyone with a useful brain can understand that no person desires to be raped; and therefore, no person should believe that the woman would want to be raped regardless of any stereotypical behavior that she may or may not perform. While the author mentions many examples similar to rape and holding the door, she does provide a very strong analysis of multiple social factors all equally restricting women in her bird cage metaphor. If we look closely at just one wire on the cage, or an individual social factor, we cannot comprehend how it is being restrictive or oppressing the victim. On the other hand, if we take a few steps back and analyze all of the wires together, or all of the social factors

Swot Analysis Company Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis Company Essay 4. SWOT Analysis The overall evaluation of a company’s Strengths(S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) is called SWOT Analysis. It is a way of monitoring the external and internal marketing environment. 4.1. Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses This analyses the internal environment of a company. According to our comprehensive observation and analysis, the following Strengths and Weaknesses of Mini Co-op city are identified. 4.1.1. Strengths †¢ As the cost of living is relatively high, this cater to low income earners by providing commodities at controlled prices, which results in lesser price fluctuations. †¢ Samurdhi beneficiaries receive stamps of Rs.240, Rs.340, Rs.540 per month to purchase commodities. 4.1.2. Weaknesses †¢ Lack of parking facilities. †¢ The name board is not attractive and eye catching. †¢ Arrangement of goods and layout is ineffective. †¢ Display has not been utilized in correct manner and the eye level shelves are empty. †¢ They are practicing the sales oriented concept, not the marketing oriented concept. †¢ No marketing and promotional effort. †¢ Lack of staff and currant members are not enthusiastic. †¢ The place in which outlets are located is not convenient. 4.2. Analysis of Opportunities and Threats This analyses the external environment of a company. According to our observations, we identified following Opportunities and Threats of Mini co-op city. 4.2.1. Opportunities †¢ Existence of a network of branches and opportunity to further expand it through government fund allocation. †¢ With terrorism coming to an end and achievement of peace, ability to capture new North and Eastern market which attracts relatively low competition. 4.2.2. Threats †¢ Limited availability of funds. †¢ High political influence and change of political parties will affect entire policies and practices. †¢ Higher competition faced retail sellers and well organized chain of supermarket

Marketing orientation of nike

Marketing orientation of nike Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably  [1]   In details of this definition, marketing is a management process where all the activities and tasks are coordinated and performed by both individuals and equipment. By identifying a group of customers their needs, interests and helps them to get goods in a reasonable price with good quality. Not only these, expecting them for the next time and which will make business profitable. The definition provided by the Philip Kotler is- Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others  [2]   In this definition Kotler said, marketing is a social process means by researching market identify the consumers how they behave and attitude, consider and think about a product; how a particular product is good enough to satisfy buyer wants and needs; also how it is well enough to feel them grater to make and exchange with good value for the product. From my own definition- Marketing is a managerial and social process where organisation performs or does activities to ensure and identify customer needs and wants are fulfilled, satisfying them by creating products or services with the exchange of value through ensuring the profitability for the organisation. 1. B Marketing Orientation The meaning of marketing concept for an organisation is that, they are aimed all of it efforts to keep closer themselves to the customers for satisfying them by the services or products around the needs and wants and stay always a step ahead from their competitors. Basically the major objective is for the organisation to create a centre of attention of their products to the customers.  [3]   Basically marketing orientation is an approach to business that centres its activities to satisfy the needs and wants of its customers. Marketing orientation is really a good range of activities where it is necessary to make sure that all the marketing researches are about to invent the customer needs and requirements. The marketing orientation concept is based on the following three pillars- Nike are strongly customer-focused, heavily committed and give the superior value for customers. These company shares an absolute dedication to sensing, serving and satisfying the needs of customers in well-defined target markets. They motivate everyone in the organization to deliver high quality and superior value for their customers, leading to high levels of customer satisfaction. These organizations know that if they take care of their customers, market share and profits will follow.  [4]   1. C Selling vs. Marketing concept and which one best describes for Nike Selling orientation is a kind of marketing activities where business tries to influence or persuade customers to buy their product or service. It sees its work as getting the interest of potential customers for their existing products and services Marketing orientation is another part of marketing activities where the company first target a market, then try to discover customer needs and wants, besides some coordinating activities to convince consumers like pricing, design, communication, appropriate delivery, competitive and profitable goods and services. Nike is a market oriented organisation because- Nike has well understanding of its target consumers to construct a greater value for them. Has a good capability to adopt the taste of consumers by time to time. Does research on the competitors to see what strategies are they use to meet the customers need. Has good marketing plans and delivered the promise that they made with customers to give them high quality, appropriate features, design, styles and categories, right price products with availability. By satisfying the consumers needs/wants Nike getting well published in the market place and achieving its objective by making profit. 1. D Implementation of the marketing concept The benefits are: Knowing and understanding the changing needs, wants and desires of athletes and customers to create new innovative products. Look forward to market changes and take action very firstly to those changes. Strong brand image with consistently increase the number of people satisfied. Improve stakeholder benefits and maintain strong share values. Leading the market with advance thought and technology.(Nike+, Nike Free) Market research gives a huge priority of product acceptability.( packaging and attractive fashionable design) Sponsoring various celebrity sports personalities and certified teams who are used to get concentration of customers on Nike products. Easily manage the criticism. Powerful advertising of Nike products are creating better market for the company. The continuous improvement of the companys core competence. The costs of adopting the marketing concept are: Heavy investment in the marketing research and product development.(NSRL) High costs of employing the best people in their specialist areas. Using world best players for advertising products. Sponsoring different celebrities and professional teams in time basis. Huge investment on product advertisement before launching in the market. Different promotional costs TV advert, sales promotion and public relation. Distribution costs serving product in different channels. Communication costs- dealing differently with a range of different market segments. Heavy cost of maintaining large and expensive website. Task-2 2. A Macro and micro environmental factor Macro Environmental factor: Micro environmental factor is an external factor that influences the company externally. Social factor Nike brand and its slogan just do it is very well known to people. Consciousness of people about dieting and fitness. Consumers are changing themselves from sports to fashion oriented. Promotional advertising to get more young customers where internet is using as a primary source of information. Sponsoring sporting events and clinics to make good social image. Motivating womens, young consumers for leisure activities. Technological factor: Effective use of IT in the section of marketing information system in every aspect of products from development to distribution. It has advance technology to develop and research their product. Has a great propensity to take on new technology for the product. Heavy design and shape of athletic footwear. Nike has NSRL (Nike Sports Research Laboratory) which is offer new ways to improve existing products. Micro environmental factor: Profit margin for Nike 5 years average: 46.8% (Gross Margin) 9.3% (Net Margin) Structure- Nike has a matrix structure and there geographical structure consists of with NAFTA (USA, Canada, and Mexico), EU, EMEA and Asia Pacific. Technological development- For developing and executing idea Nike has APE, NSRL and it also has tax expert economists which focus in the reduction of future costs. HRM- Orthopedic Experts, Rubber Technologists, Production Engineers who are Involved to find out the right people and product for the company. Procurement- Nike buys its raw materials in bulk size, use labors and other services in the same countries where manufacturing takes place. Inbound Logistics China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. Operations Operating their business in more than 160 countries where most of the production is occurred in China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, Sri Lanka, India, Cambodia, Taiwan, Mexico and Israel. Outbound Logistics They sell their product to the retailers, via internet and with 700 contract shops in the whole world. Sales Marketing Secret Tournament campaign approach- TV internet ads, retails, consumers events, public relations.  [5]   6 Value Chain Analysis 2. B Segmentation criteria Geographic Segmentation Geographic segmentation is about dividing the market within diverse geographical part for example- in cities, town, nations, countries and regions. Nike footwear is really famous in the part of EU, EMEA and Asia Pacific currently. The objective is to sell this product in those continents where some particular sports is most popular. For example, football, basketball, rugby is widely popular in Europe now-a-days. It is not much popular in south Asia so basically its footwear is advertised more generally in Europe. (Nike, 2009). Demographic segmentation Demographic segmentation divides on age, gender, race, occupation, income, nationality, family size and also on the level of education. Relating to age and income, they target peoples in variety age from young person to middle-aged adults and the income series is basically from middle to upper class. By depends on race and gender it has broadly expanded itself nationally. They do advertise for both men and women for every single race and nationality. Nike really doesnt show off themselves with families but identify with teams. Teams of different sports in the world are targeted by Nike. It also did run ad campaign called stay in school in 1991. Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic segmentation gives a picture about social class, standards, characteristics, and the life style- opinions, beliefs, interests and values of customers. Nike uses athlete where it influences consumer to be interested on their shoes and footwear. Nike promotes a positive and confident attitude, target always those kinds of people. 2. C Target market Young generation (bachelor stage) between 18-30 years old. Because they want to themselves appear to others to be fit, healthy and athletic Because at this stage of age young people prepare themselves to enter into the job market. They are the generation X, they like fashion, sports. Nike uses their sports celebrity to advertise footwear which is fashionable and that make influences them to buy footwear. just do it, write the future are some of slogan that make these X generation very aggressive to do anything good and make the future bright. People between 30-50 years old, middle-high income social class. These people have already been achieved a bit in his/her life and they are now away from the crisis of economy. They have made their status, position in the society, wants to lead life gorgeously with prestige product like Nike. People can show of their status and ability of leading healthy life. Nike advertises its products by using different ways and it targets a particular groups or types of people by ads. Nike targeted men in a way that appeals to masculine values and to women with appeals to their values. Women today want equality with men, to be seen as just as able bodied and finally, both genders will buy Nike because its expensive and shows that they have the money to buy Nike, just as people buy Mercedes cars when a Fiat does the same job. 2. D Buyer behaviour in marketing activities I am going to mention some marketing activities that should follow Nike to take part on buyer behaviour: Psychological forces Motivation- Nike is a top brand with high quality design, style, price and lasting warranty which motivate people to buy Nike. Perception- World reputation, brand image, high features and quality. Personality- to show off to their friends and neighbours that they are fit, healthy athletic types and able to afford Nikes products. Social groups Culture- produce different design product based on the culture. Subculture- example-Air Jordan shoes specifically makes for basket ball game, popular in North America- USA, Canada. Social class- middle and upper classes. Reference group- Popular celebrities, teams and clubs Nike adopt to convince consumer to buy their footwear. Family- Parents want to see their children are athletes, well fitted and healthy which influence them to buy Nike. Situational Factors World brand and fashionable products. 700 contract shops all over the world where buyer can buy. (Over 18000 shops in USA) To show off people the status and ability to buy Nike. New innovative, fashionable, unique design and attractive footwear make interest and desire of consumers to buy Nike. Nike their information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives, the evoked set. Nike has different features; design footwears which are specially different and suitable for particular work. (Football, soccer, running, skateboarding, cycling etc.). If the consumers are not satisfied on the previous product then they can try new any other model. Nike has so many stores, different products/models, well packaging system and many convenient ways for consumer to buy. Nike is such kind of brand which is persuading consumer decisions to purchase a Nike product with risk free. Good product, consumer feels superior with their whole satisfactory and tells someone about their satisfaction. Information search Internal search, memory. Providing ample information on Nike official site, internet, You Tube, in stores, on TV, radio, newspaper, magazine and public sources about the product. Task-3 3. A. Competitive Advantages Nike, at the present time ahead from their competitors by achieving some competitive advantages through their products. Nike has cost effective management information system(MIS) and many management layer that helps to reduce the overall product cost.  [7]   Continuous training and development program increase the efficiency of workers. By using advance technology and modern machineries they can produce product in a short time with low cost. They find out lowest price of raw materials and use cheap labour from under developing countries. Setting up business near to the suppliers. Huge scale of operation all over the world and where by finding place they minimize manufacturing costs. Selling product in low price where many competitors are visible. Using cheap transport carriers for product. Huge scale of advertising in those countries them running their business. Brand name, equity, image, recognition and world reputation. Using popular athletes for advertising and recommending their products. Trade mark -just do it, write the future and patents. New product development. Giving chance customer to customize footwear in their own style through online. Strong and genius RD, HRM. These are the sustainable competitive advantages that keeping ahead Nike at top position of the market and helping them to take proper advantages from their competitors and achieving the loyalty from the customers. 3. B. Distribution Strategy In fiscal 2009, Nike produced 100% of their footwear in china, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand and they distributed this footwear in their own countries as well as USA+ EMEA and Asia Pacific regions. Nike distributes their footwear to the retailers or whole sellers from straight to the factory or distribution centre all over the world through their own websites, direct mail or over the phone. In the distribution centre they inventory all their footwear and deliver them to different place in the world. Nike also uses agents, sales representative to distribute their product. So, in order to increase sales Nike has tried to wide their distribution channels. Not only this, Nike has used internet to distribute product by using virtual stores. They use containers and ships to deliver their product. Apart from, Nike uses future order program which help them to produce the product on time with lean production method and also help them to deliver just in time. Nike gives a good amount of redu ction on their product if resellers buy in a bulk size. Nike can take those steps in below to improve their distribution strategy. Need to build more small and large distribution centre to make product available. Need another centre in a particular area in case of fire or large number of small centres to spread risks. Back up IT system. Using very modern technology to produce, distribute and provide greater convenience and information. To constraint of time and space disappear should use online retailing. Using door to door service system. Cutting down production cost. Depending on the consumer behaviour, Nike should focus on the price instead of brand. 3.C. Pricing A full understanding of production costs, profit objectives, customers, competition, and other market information will help to determine the pricing strategy that best fits for Nike. With this information, the minimum price Nike can charge to break even and the highest price based on an estimate of customer demand. Here I am giving a demand curves for Nike that will help them to make price depends on the market demand. Price( £) Quantity Demanded Total Revenue 50 1000 50000 100 800 80000 150 400 60000 200 300 60000 First of all, Nike works out on diverse factors like market share, opposition, product uniqueness and perceived value of the product. In certain segments they are charging unique prices cause of quality product. They use the premium pricing strategy-fixed price, where they are enabling by the product to maintain its standard in the market. Nike has uniqueness that gives themselves extra value to the consumer. Nike is a prestige product which is highly demanded, where people shows their ability of buying Nike shoes. The image they made to the consumer about their brand which is influenced them to pay high price. If Nike wants then they can apply value base pricing strategy in certain segments. Sales Innovations Early adaptor early majority late majority laggards 2.5% 13% 31% 35% 18.5% High price less expensive good demand well demand not much expensive Then before good price better price  £70  £65  £60  £50  £40 Consumers (100%) Here, Nike charged high price at the beginning and skimming the profit from the market which is helping them to achieve their objectives. They do huge advertisement to make the price acceptable to the consumers and persuade consumers to buy premium product. 3D. Promotional strategy Nike has great marketing communication techniques with high quality products and loyal consumers which helps them to keep stay in the top position from a long time. By doing campaign about the ability of men, women with new fashion, using famous celebrates athletes and teams for advertising which are such outstanding steps they have taken to keep good communication between them and consumers. They have signed top athletes from different background of sports like soccer- Ronaldho, Ronaldinho, basket ball- Michael Jordan, tennis- Rafael Nadal , golf- Tiger Woods, cycling and some of the other sports. Not only these they sponsor local college students also. Nike uses new geographical area to promote their new product. Advertising on the TV- write the future, just do it contains slogan, internet- YouTube and other sites, broadcast which helps them to break the geographical barriers and increase the ability to reach people on the other part of the world. Sponsoring in different social activities where people or players wear Nike logo contains dresses; sales promotions like discounts, coupons and to keep good relation with the public they release their own press and magazine and take part on the events. Apart from, different tactics they use in advertising on TV which diverts consumer to visit internet to Nike website to see the finial ends. All those things are integrated Nike to meet its specific objectives in an efficient way. The objectives are included- new customers, new geographical areas, retaining the regular customers and bringing back the lapsed customers. Task-4 4. A. Marketing mix Nike is mainly footwear company but they also produce other apparels and stuffs as well. So for this section my choice is Nike footwear. The two marketing mixes that I have chosen for Nike they are- Sponsoring events Exhibitions or Fashion shows Sponsoring events- Nike might sponsors different community events like as local sports team, by doing music concerts or sports quiz in the city centre, school sports days, boys scouts and girls guide events or local community events for kids to show off their products while advertising the events as Sponsored by Nike. They could contribute some money there to make those events great to the people. Here, Nike aimed to target local communities and familiar themselves with Nike footwear, to make feel people price is not always a matter where brand, quality is visible and Nike is always with them in everywhere. Not only that, by doing this they can do some free publicity, can bring the attention and also can get opinions from different people. Fashion shows- Here, I am suggesting Nike to arrange 250-400 Nike fashion shows in posh restaurants to show and sell their fashions to the kind of people who can afford them. The restaurant wouldnt charge for entrance because it would bring them loads of new people who had never been there before and they could sell food and refreshments. But Nike could charge a small entrance fee and give the money to a sports charity thereby getting extra free publicity. Nike would of course advertise these fashion shows in banners or newspapers or in the posters. By doing these Nike can target richer class of people and can make influence to buy Nike prestige footwear to show their personality, ability to buy such brand and expensive footwear like Nike. 4.B. Marketing excellence is a key success factor in virtually any industry or company focused on consumer products or services. Defining what marketing excellence really means and how to mobilize the organization to achieve that goal, however, can be extremely challenging. Marketing products and services to organization has some good differences between them. For organization, marketing products are those activities that is related with products and a company does those activities until sell product to the end users. For Nike, they buy their raw materials from different manufacturer in a bulk size. For example they produced shoes, in the perspective of organization they need to count its ownership for the product which includes with product delivery costs, holding costs in stock and other costs like research and development etc. Not on these, they think about the quality as well. On this section organization buy product in bulk size in a very cheap price which is necessary. If unnecessary things bought by company which might affect the whole company in financially. On the other hand, marketing services are those work that company does to sell its product to actual consumer. On here, organization try to find out the way which will be useful to get/attract more consumers where it is imperceptible for marketing products. This is a common divergence between marketing a product and service. Here, organization puts lots of attempt to make desirability of its consumer. 4.C. In shortly, international marketing is a kind of marketing where a company setup his business in different foreign environment, consumer, laws and regulations. On the other hand, domestic marketing is all about running the business in the local/domestic market. In the aspect of Nike, there has many differences between those two markets. Cultural differences- Diverse and multicultural people who has different religion, taste, fashion, ideology and living standard. Different from social, economical, political and methods of doing business. Suppose Nike in China is completely different form Nike USA from the policies and ways of doing business. Market- Wide market with a number of competitors, challenges, risks, complexities and expensive. Different currencies which can varies time to time. The rate of customs duty, VAT or sales tax charged on the product. Changes to the products because of standards, voltages or average sizes of the population. Different language- Due to a language barrier it is more difficult to obtain and understand research data in international marketing. Promotional messages need to consider dozens of cultural differences between different countries. For example, for advertisement Nike uses different athletes depends on the country. By considering the differences in languages, expressions, habits, gestures, ideologies Nike develops their promotional messages. Those are some of the areas that makes difference between the international and domestic market for Nike.