Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay

Impact Of The Super Bowl On A City Tourism Essay Executive summary Its no doubt that American football and the Super Bowl event for that matter is a multi-million dollar business. Most estimates put its contribution to host cuties economies consistently over $300 million. A good number of Americans follow events that shape the sport and contribute to its well being in one way or the other. Besides the benefits that the players and industry regulators reap there are numerous other ways that ordinary people benefit. Entertainment is one such avenue but the biggest of them all is the economic impact that the event brings to the host city This paper seeks to examine the economic impacts that come along with the hosting of the event. The direct and indirect impacts that are accrued from activities that surround the staging of the championship run into millions of dollars. There is significant investment from the authorities that is required for the success of the championship. The authorities then benefit fro revenue collection and improvement of infrastructure. The event also accords the host city business opportunities that local individuals and companies exploit to boost the local economy. Documented evidence and critical reviews on the economic impact of Super Bowl exist. This provided the basis of this research as the starting point and the fleshing up of the conclusions arrived. The paper dwells mainly on the background, statistical evidence as well as the sectors benefit as direct result of the staging of Super Bowl. The contents of this paper aides the conclusion at the end of it. This is the general idea that can be deduced from the whole findings that are contained in the paper. Introduction Sports are today an integral part in the development of nations. Its an income earner for many people both directly and indirectly. In Europe soccer is the major sport developed through the various soccer leagues in Europe. Rugby is common too in Europe as is cricket in Asia (Layden, 2005). In the United States basket ball, base ball and American football form the top cream of sports business entertainment and business. They are huge money minting machines that responsible for the generation of millions in taxes to the authorities hence playing a big part in economic development. The Super Bowl is perhaps the biggest and most unique annual sporting events that take place in the United States. This is the final game of the national football league championship which can comfortably claim to be the most watched television broadcast in the US. It holds such significance in the American culture that some consider it an unofficial holiday. The Super Bowl Sunday, the day that the game is staged is the second biggest food consumption day in the United States only next to thanks giving day. That translates to a big boost in food businesses and others as well. Besides the game which is the star attraction of the event, there has been the cooption of various performances from artists. The artists perform during the pre-game and half times. Its importance is well demonstrated when the campaign of the then senator Barrack Obama bought airtime in various networks 30 minutes before the Super Bowl to advertise his policies. Television channels have used the Super Bowl time to introduce series of the programs that the want to attract huge followings Its not lost to any casual observer that the Super Bowl has importance that stretches beyond the field and beyond the mare fact that its a popular game. To many the hosting presents a windfall of opportunities. The impacts of the game span past sports to culture and the economy. That has always been the subject of debate from the games administrators to commentators and independent observers. According to Depken and Wilson (2003), the viewership of the Super Bowl is estimated to be close to 100 million people worldwide and a potential of one billion. That can easily rival the FIFA soccer World Cup and the Olympic. While it has not acquired the status of the above two, the economic impact that the event is likely to bless a host city with is unprecedented. That is besides other advantages like the chance to revamp its infrastructure and improve its security. Economists have always dismissed that the economic impact that the Super Bowl brings to the host city may a fraction of what its normally touted to be. But that is subject to debate (Feinstein, 2007). Extensive studies are carried out every year to determine the economic impacts that championship game brings to the host city. However there appears to be consensus among attendees, local business leaders, and corporate planners that its beneficial to host the event, whichever way one looks at it. Purpose With super bowl comes a host of opportunities for the companies that win time to advertise and those that manufacture anything associated with the staging of the event. Of particular importance however is the benefit that the host city reaps from the staging of the event. The economic impact on the city can be enormous and careful planning may ensure the netting of a good amount of revenue besides the publicity that the city gets. The current NFL policy is to stage the Super Bowl in a city that has an NFL franchise. Cities normally bid fro the hosting and they are determined five years before the game is played. Currently the cities have been determined up to the year 2013. There has been a string of criticism that the figures and projections that are presented by NFL to the host cites are not based on reality. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light into the whole issue of the economic impact of the host city of Super Bowl. This research will seek to determine the economic impact that the Host city receives. All dimensions are examined, the merits and demerits as far as its economy is concerned. Background Football has been played in the US for a long time just like other sports like baseball. Professional football in the United States began in the year 1920. Super Bowl the premier event of the game-Super Bowl championship however is relatively young having been played for the first time in 1967 (Schwartz, 1998). Since then the event has acquired elevation to one of the most valued sports traditions in the history of sports. Super Bowl is the football game that is played annually to determine the champion of the National Football League. Winners from the American Football Conference championship game and the National Football Conference face each other in the run up to the National Football League playoffs. The merger agreement between the American football league and the national football league saw the creation of the Super Bowl. The NFL has a long history dating back to the 1920s while the AFL started gaining dominance in the 1960s. There was as a result intense rivalry between the two leagues in regards to fans, players and control of the game. To avoid financial ruin, the two rivals decided to engage in talks in 1966 which resulted in the subsequent merger. Since then it has become a national pastime activity whose popularity is rivaled by few events in America. The Pittsburgh Steelers is the team that has won the most Super Bowls- six while the Dallas cowboys and the San Francisco have both won five each Data collection The findings and conclusions that were made in this research paper were very dependent on data. There was no field research conducted, however secondary data form books, scholarly research articles and the internet was used in this research. All sources were included in the in text citation and the bibliography at the end of the paper. General figures The figures associated with Super Bowl indicate clearly why the event is an important one in American culture and business, most importantly the host city. Its the most watched television program every year in the country. 40% of all households in the US tune to television during the game as are 60% of all homes (St. John, 2009). Close to 90 million Americans tune into the Super Bowl game while another close to 120 million partially doing so. Hallmark Cards Inc rates Super Bowl as the number one home party event every year, perhaps bigger than New Years Eve. Wenner (2005) reveals that its the biggest eating day in the U.S apart from thanks giving day. 15,000 tonnes of chips and four thousand tones of popcorn are consumed in homes during the Super Bowl. Avocado which is essential for the preparation of guacamole is another type of food that is widely consumed on super Sunday. According to the California avocado commission, twelve million avocados are sold in preparation for the game. Figures available on the impact of the Super Bowl indicate that cities experience economic impacts amounting to millions of dollars. In 1994 Atlanta Georgia made 166 million dollars from the Super Bowl, Miami made 365 million in1995; phoenix reaped 306 million in 1996 while New Orleans raked in 200 million in 1997. Others include 295 million for San Diego in 1998,336 million for Huston Texas in 204 and 372 million for Detroit Michigan in 2006. Economic impact For the host city to be determined it has to be appealing to tourist, sponsors and spectators. That is besides being a franchise city of the NFL (Depken Wilson, 2003). The NFL, local governments and various associations of hotels and restaurants normally predict the economic impact that the hosting will have on the city (Depken Wilson, 2003). This mainly takes into account the expenditure that the city is likely to incur while determining the real benefits that it will get. For instance the police and fire departments are paid for the overtime hours that they work to ensure safety and security is maintained. The spending is done according to the projected impact and the extent to which the prevailing economy can allow. Tampa Bay had to scale back spending on the Super Bowl due to the state of the current state of the economy. The potential positive impact on the local economy is the major incentive for the city that is hosting the Super Bowl. Economists generally estimate that super bowl always has had an impact of between $300- $400 million on the host citys economy (Coates Humphreys, 2002) There are direct and indirect impacts that come with the event, which can also be long-term and short-term as well (Christopher Peters, 2006). In simple layman terms, the sum total comprise of the economic impact of the Super Bowl on the host city (Polzer, 2003). The direct impacts come form the spending by the various participants while indirect impacts are the multiplier effect the is felt way after the event is done. The money that was spent locally is re-spent again leading to additional rounds of spending (Wenner, 2005). Indirect impacts also include rise in local residents incomes due to the activities associated with the game as well as the dollars that are withdrawn form the local economy. Further the direct impacts comprise of the large scale purchase of goods by companies mainly from local producers and manufacturers (Depken Wilson, 2003) The economic impacts of any sporting event are usually measured in terms of the increase in revenue collection for the authorities and individual business that help sustain it. Direct and indirect expenditure is also factored in. Super Bowl is a unique event that cannot be really compared to any type of sport. However the economic impact that it breeds is comparable to those other world events mentioned earlier. The above statistics paint a rosy picture of the Super Bowl event and day. They are not exaggerated in any way meaning they can translate to real economic benefits on the ground. The host city will have to reevaluate its entire system to be able to deal with the needs of the traveling fans that flock to town for the Super Bowl. The economic impact of the city is more or less positive because of the increased consumption of goods and services that are as a direct result of the temporary population explosion. Overall the change in economic activity associated with the event is the most appropriate indicator of the benefits. Its arrived at by multiplying the direct impacts by the multiplier and adding the result to the direct impacts. To be more precise the economic activities that result into the benefits in the local economies have been highlighted in the following section. Tourism Tourism is one of the major income earners especially for any authorities that enjoy any degree of autonomy. Tourism is boosted by various events that attract record numbers of people. Sports events like Super Bowl are some of them. There is always an influx of visitors mainly traveling fans to the super bowl host city. A joint commissioned study by the NFL and the Sport Management Research Institute in 1999 concluded that the average expenditure of attendees who flocked to the south Florida Super Bowl were double the expenditure of tourists during the peak season of that place (Leiker, 2005).These comprise of the majority of tourists that visit the city during that particular time. The locals who take breaks from their work to watch the event to some extent comprise of the domestic tourists of the city. According to Price Water House Coopers, Indianapolis that is bidding to host the event in 2011 will receive over 98,000 visitors and approximately $131 million in direct spending from the visitors and the locals. An estimated 95600 people visited Atlanta during the Super Bowl period. Huston was estimated to have received close to 90,000 visitors during its Super Bowl (Layden, 2005). The direct impact as a result of the sporting event is widespread spending by the local residents as well as tourist. In Tampa Bay for instance hospitality and tourism industry activities as a result of the Super Bowl XLIII were estimated to generate approximately $150 million in direct spending. In past championships, the same activities generated $195 million in phoenix and Miami. Detroit generated $118 million, $ 124 million for Jacksonville in 2005 and $ 135 million for Huston in 2004 all from direct spending form tourist and hospitality activities as result of the staging of the Super Bowl (Depken Wilson, 2003). They spend on hotels, rental cars, taxis and visits to local attractions. The expenditure that is pumped into the city/s coffers from accommodation, food and other tourist activities is the boon that is capitalized on most. According to Schwartz (1998), most hotels report 100% booking rate in the period on the run up to the games a few days after. Bed occupancy and demand for the provision of other services are critical in the revenue generation of hotels that are involved during the Super Bowl. Shopping Its an unofficial fact among all sports fans, Super Bowl fans are the biggest spendthrifts there are today. Commodity prices rise due to the market forces of demand. Some traders too cash in on the event with modest price increments that translate to the increase in revenue. Many retail chains in the host cities find it economically viable when the Super Bowl is held in their city. They are among the direct beneficiaries of the free spending habits of the traveling fans and tourists. The impact it has on their sales cannot be missed. The week before the Super Bowl always sees a surge in shopping that pumps quite a good amount of money into the economy. Americans spend close to one million man hours doing shopping mainly for food items that are consumed during the game. That has always been the trend and indications show that it getting bigger whether there is a recession or not. The event is big food eating event and shoppers are estimated to spend at least $55 million on food alone. Infrastructure China invested heavily in the build up to the Olympics; South Africa is involved in massive up gradation n of infrastructure ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The same trend can be seen in Brazil and London who are in line to stage the Olympics as well. The same scenario is common in the build up to NFL games. Its a critical component that is a must for the any successful staging. Huge investments from local authorities, NFL and individuals in preparation to the staging of the Super Bowl provide the stimulus money that is needed to boost the local economies. The successful attraction of the event to the host city calls for the capability for the host city to provide the venue, hotels, and transport and entertainment facilities. Public health and safety facilities re also renovated to meet the demand that comes with the people attending the event (Feinstein, 2007). An increased need to renovate infrastructure fro such an event forces the authorities to repair them this ensure a positive long-term effect for the local economy log after the Super Bowl is gone. Roads, pavements and public utilities like parks are upgraded to be able to accommodate the high numbers of travelers entering the city. The stadium where the event is staged is the single biggest infrastructure activity that the host city carries. It has to meet the minimum requirements that the NFL sets. The authorities inject substantial amounts of money normally in hundreds of millions into the economies in the efforts to renovate the NFL stadiums. Since 1995 through 2003 604 billion dollars has been spent on renovating twenty one NFL stadiums (Leiker, 2005). The renovation is a source of numerous jobs that boost the citys employment rate. Publicity There is always a media blitz that accompanies such a sporting event with a national following. The kind of publicity that the host city gets is enough to boost its image among attendee and non attendees. Prospective investors and tourists get a chance for an in-depth review of the cities potential. The city is therefore saved millions in terms of advertising itself as premier business or tourist destination. Jobs With such an event the demand for labor rises. This leads to the creation of jobs that are needed in the overall preparation pf the event. They range from skilled experts to part-time social workers who tend to visitors new to the city. These experts normally sourced locally comprise of construction workers, planners and organizers. The Super Bowl is thought to create an estimated minimum of 500 jobs any time that its staged. In other cases there have been statistics that suges5t that in fact the event creates far more jobs than its reported. According to Christopher and Peters (2006) the event created over 2700 jobs in Atlanta Georgia besides the $166 million that it pumped into the economy. That is quite the most direct impact that the host city feels. Though most of these jobs are short-term and part-time, there is good compensation that comes along with it that makes them economically viable. Local authorities hire residents for the jobs thus helping in the retention and circulation of the money in the local economy. Confidence building The successful staging of such a sports event like Super Bowl build confidence in the management of the city. Together with the publicity that the city gets pairs up to ensure long-term success of the economic ventures of the city. Criticism However no everyone agrees with the notion that Super Bowl is an economic resuscitating machine in the host city. There is some positives but not as they are put forward by industry players. They have presented their case with researches that advance reasons why they think that is the case. Some scholars have accused the NFL of inflating the figures that are presented to cities that are bidding to host the event. They assert that the economic impact is not as big as its meant to look on paper. The figures according to them are presented to be ale to convince reluctant cities into accepting the NFL proposals. There is a general agreement among the critical scholars that the estimates normally never go beyond gross measures. There is also a feeling among these scholars that the multiplier effect they economists use to estimate the economic impact of sports events may not be accurate after all and it pants the incorrect picture as far as the benefits are concerned. Further more the use of expenditure multipliers is not clear in cases like where for instance hotels are owned by a nationwide chain. It does not clearly articulate the fraction of the revenue that remains and circulates in the particular locality where expenditure occurs. The average impact is likely to be a quarter of or less the estimates that are presented by the NFL. According to Leiker (2005), several factors lead to the wrongful estimation of the economic impact of the Super Bowl. Investigator bias and data measurement error rank high as some of the leading factors that are used influence the inaccurate presentation of economic impact figures. Capacity constraint and changing product relationships are the other factors that Porter came up with. He arrived at the conclusion after reviewing the available short-term data on sales receipts for a number of Super Bowls. Polzer (2003) postulates that, after examining twenty five Super Bowls from 1973-1977 concluded that Super Bowl was only responsible for the creation of 535 jobs. The economic impact of the game according to them was not in the hundreds of millions but roughly 30 million dollars. That represented roughly a tenth of the figure that NFL touted. On the same note, Coates and Humphrey (2002) examined the post season play in all American sports. They concluded that hosting the Super Bowl had little or no statistical impact on the per capita income of the city residents where the championship was staged. Conclusion The following facts are clear from the findings above. That millions of dollars are received as revenue by authorities and individuals of the host city of the Super Bowl event That, there are jobs created due to the staging of the event in the city that that is the host. These clearly are indicators of positive outcomes of the event on the economy of the city. There is a long-term positive economic effect that the host city enjoys after the event is over. This is from the publicity that comes along with the staging of the championship game. The improvement of infrastructure certainly bodes well for the host city since it will not need to undergo major renovations should the event or an equivalent come up again. Whether or not the figures that are presented in the by civilian and sports authorities are real, remains to the subject of discussion. Even if they do not amount into the proportions that are presented there must be some net benefit that is realized from the successful staging of a Super Bowl championship game. The event still has a lot of potential that has yet to be tapped. The numerous studies that have been conducted provide the pointers as to where the weaknesses are and what needs to be done. Though its not guaranteed that the event can be staged in any particular city, the earnings from the sport can be improved. That is what the future host cities need to focus on.

Migration Out of Appalachia :: Interview Description Essays

Migration Out of Appalachia Many people who experienced it can tell about the impact that the migration out of Appalachia had on people in the 1950’s. One person that has told his story about the migration is Gary Hicks, who is currently a pump foreman for the City of Elizabethton. Born in 1939, Gary is now over 60 years old. He graduated high school and entered the real world in the 1950’s. At that time finding a job wasn’t very easy for anyone in Southern Appalachia. In a tape-recorded personal interview, he told of his migration experience and a search for a job. Lack of work forced many people in Elizabethton in the fifties to search for jobs in the more industrialized North; however, they found Detroit disappointing. Gary told of when he experienced the lack of work directly. He said, "Back when I got out of high school in the fifties just about everybody was leaving here and going to different places to find work." He also told how this made him feel: Well, it felt like I was gonna have to hit the road cause I was gonna have to find work. I worked at a service station during the time I was going to school and to make any money you needed to have work at the plants down here, which is North American Rayon or Bemberg. If you didn’t have a job there, why you didn’t have a very good job. With little to no work available, people were looking for jobs elsewhere and many were looking in the big cities. One reason for the migration was the economic problem many people in Appalachia were facing (Brown 70). It seemed many of them had no choice but to leave their poverty stricken lives in search of a better economic way of life (Brown 61). Industrialized towns became very appealing to them (Brown 61). Opportunities were much greater in the larger cities (Brown 61). They knew that industry meant jobs and money, and Appalachia wanted to be a part of it (Brown 73). These things influenced Gary to move to Detroit where he came to realize that a great difference in wages was occurring between Elizabethton and Detroit. Gary said: Started out - I don’t remember what I started out but I was making $2.10 there at that time, and that was good wages for back then cause I didn’t start making that again until after I left up there and come back here.

Shakespeares Othello - Honest Iago :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello – Honest Iago Without a doubt, one of the main themes that runs throughout William Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello, is that of honesty.   In the play, the most interesting character is Iago, who is commonly called and known as "Honest Iago."   However, this could not be farther from the truth.   Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits and moves him closer to his own goals.   He is smart and an expert at judging the characters of others.   Because of this, Iago pushes everyone to their tragic end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago knows very well that trust and deceit must go hand in hand in order for him to achieve his vengeance on Othello and Cassio.   Hence, as he plans the downfalls of them, he is continually trying to obtain their undoubting trust.   He slowly poisons people’s thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without implicating himself.   Iago even says himself that the advice he gives is free and honest and thus, people rarely stop to consider the possibility that Iago is fooling them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One person Iago deceives is Roderigo.   Throughout the play, Iago tells him that he hates Othello and that Roderigo should make some money so he could give gifts to Desdemona, who he admires from afar.   Thinking that this is sound advice, Roderigo does just that.   However, Iago is actually keeping the gifts that Roderigo plans to give Desdemona for himself.   Eventually, Roderigo begins to catch on to the act and confronts Iago, but he falls right into Iago’s trap again when he tells him that killing Cassio will help him win over Desdemona.   Roderigo is then lead to his death by the hands of "Honest Iago."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like Roderigo, Cassio also believes in "Honest Iago," for he thinks that Iago is only trying to help him.   On the night of Cassio’s watch, Iago convinces him to take another drink, knowing very well that it will make him drunk.   Even though he really doesn’t want to, Roderigo puts his faith into   Iago and states, "I’ll do’t, but it dislikes me."   Iago’s plan goes smoothly when Cassio is make to look like an irresponsible fool, resulting in his termination as lieutenant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago’s master plan of deception, however, centered around Othello’s jealously over Desdemona.   The whole time, Othello holds Iago to be his close friend and advisor.

Conscience of Queen Gertrude in Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- essays

The Conscience of the Queen William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is perhaps one of his most intriguing and scandalous pieces of work. One character who is liable for much of this excitement and outrage is Hamlet’s mother, Queen Gertrude. To some readers and critics, Gertrude is conceived as an erratic, superficial and sensual woman. Others discern the Queen as an earnest, intellectual and sagacious woman whose tragic fault is her yearning for sexual satisfaction. Throughout the text, there are several legitimate arguments for both sides, but in the end, Hamlet seems to sum up the Queen’s true persona with the words â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman†. Evidence of Gertrude’s true nature can be found in many instances through out the play such as encounters with Hamlet, other characters’ thoughts on her, and Gertrude’s conversations with several different people. Gertrude’s first weakness, her lack of compassion, is shown early in the play when she urges Hamlet to cease mourning for his dead father. â€Å"Do not forever with thy vailà ¨d lids seek for thy noble father in the dust. Thou know'st 'tis common. All that lives must die, passing through nature to eternity† (1.2 68-75). Gertrude tells Hamlet that he can’t spend his whole life with his eyes to the ground remembering his noble father and that it happens all the time, that what lives must die eventually. This is a perfect example of Gertrude’s shallowness. Instead of consoling her son, she advises him to move on from his deceased father. She demonstrates no grief about her husband’s death and no concern for her grieving son. In act two, Gertrude reveals that she thinks Hamlet’s strange behavior is because of his father’s death and her quick marriage. This is a perfect ex... ...er what was happening, and finally, it took Claudius poisoning her to figure out what was right in front of her greedy eyes all along. The Queen deserved to die. Perhaps the most truthful and noble line throughout the play was Hamlet’s description of his mother as â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman†. While some argue that Gertrude is strong-minded and intelligent, it is obvious through her actions that she is in truth a shallow, flighty and sensual woman. Throughout the play she does not care or think about anybody but herself and is stupid enough to fail to see what is in front of her eyes all along. The frailty that Hamlet speaks of is the weakness his mother’s persona and morals. All through Hamlet, Gertrude shows a deficiency of rationality, consideration, good reasoning and strong ethics from the moment her husband dies, to the last seconds of her own life.

Older Siblings: A Second Father Figure Essay

Older siblings! Role models, influences, they carry much more responsibility than it appears. Older siblings, whether they know it or not, shape their younger one’s character and personality. Parents are important, but the older sibling may reinforce or disprove some of the lessons that the parents teach. Younger siblings may not admit to it but they look up to their older sibling and they emulate them. Older siblings particularly serve as agents of socialization who teach younger siblings by example about informal social behaviors, like how to act around friends. Younger siblings are also highly susceptible to acquiring older siblings’ negative habits, including but not limited to: underage drinking and smoking. Here’s an example, let’s look at the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, some of you may have heard of them. Wilbur was 4 years older than Orville, they basically invented the airplane and had had the first controlled, powered flight. I think it’s safe to say that if Wilbur had never played with a toy ‘helicopter’ as a child, Orville never would have had the initial interest in flying. The same could be said for the Staal brothers, they play in the NHL. if Eric had never had interest in hockey and played baseball, Jordan, Marc and Jared never would have gotten into hockey. A lot of recent research shows that children learn undesirable behaviours like smoking, drinking and other delinquent acts from exposure to an older sibling’s behaviours as well as that of their sibling’s friends. It doesn’t matter if the siblings are of a similar age or spaced years apart, or of different gender. What is important was that parents encouraged siblings to develop a relationship where there is mutual respect. Parents are better at teaching the more formal settings – how to act in public or how to have manners at the dinner table. But siblings are better role models of the more informal behaviors: how to act at school or on the street, or, more importantly, how to act cool around friends. Siblings are closer to the social environments that children find themselves in during the majority of their day, which gives them a wider influence on them. Should parents support sibling closeness or not? Studies have shown that siblings may have positive or negative effects on their younger siblings. How would parents be able to moderate what the older sibling teaches to the younger one, or what traits rub off? The best method for it would be for the older sibling to have many positive habits, so that theyre is a greater chance of those habits rubbing off.

Two Heads Are Better Than One

Societies are likely to decline due to corruption, in the passage we read â€Å"the soldiers got restless and only the rich could afford to raise an army to fight on Romeos behalf† Here we can notice that, because of corruption which resulted on the lack of funds the government could no longer provide protection for Rome. Therefore the richer members of society used their own funds to pay for the country's army. The government failed to deliver services in a good quality that was expected.The quality of life deteriorates and people tend to develop a mentality of the survival of the fittest. 2. The effective way of fighting corruption is by; 3. 1 Teaching morality at home as well as at school and churches, especially to the young children since they are the future leaders. If moral values are emphasized from a younger age the future generation will have better morals 3. 2 Introduction of a regular form of auditing for the government departments at least on a monthly basis. 3. I ntroducing nongovernmental charity organizations to Andre some of the public funds 3. 4 Increase the awareness programmer regarding corruption, make the community take a stand and report any non- conformance's from the government officials. 3. The reasons why successful societies are the least corrupt, is because of satisfaction In most of the needs. There Is no reason for any corruption at all; the rate of employment is high when compared to unemployment. People develop in terms of entrepreneurship which results In Job creation opportunities.Proper education Is guaranteed, people are tolerant and humanity is maintained. 4. The social indicators which demonstrate that the society is well run may Include the following; Good Infrastructure-the public funds are used in a proper way and the government is able to provide services such as rail, roads, ports and social grant for senior citizens. Proper housing Is provided by the government for the people who are unable to buy their own hou ses. Unemployment rate Is very low as well as the crime rate Is low, education Is improved and the public funds are not misused.Section B Tenderheartedness Private use of public property and funds Favoritism Bribery Nepotism Societal corruption BEE Fronting Failed society Figurer . (Different forms of corruption) In this article we are going to discuss the ways in which corruption cripples the development of society, what are the different forms of corruption as well as causes and consequences of this corruption as illustrated on figure 1 above.We will further discuss the possible measures which can be utilized in order to eradicate this disease which has become a barrier for the societal development. 2. WHY DO WE HAVE CORRUPTION IN SOCIETY? 3. 1 Greed Power hungry politicians are the greediest ones and are likely to be vulnerable when it comes to corruption. It is not the whole government that is corrupt; it is the individuals within the structures who got into positions not to del iver the services that have been promised, but to satisfy their own personal needs. . 2 Lack of education People seem to overlook and never notice the misuse of public property and funds due lack of education. The officials may bring documentation for reviews, but since communities lack educated personnel who can interpret the documents, then the name officials can mislead the public into believing whatever they say regarding the public funds. 3. 3 Lack of morals Nowadays people seem to not know now to distinguish between right and wrong, as long as they got what they want that is all that matters.We are moving towards a state whereby corruption is being accepted as a norm. 3. 4 Poverty arty is one of the aspects that contribute towards the acts of corruption in the society. Some people will go an extra mile doing all the wrong things towards the other members of society. A gentleman or a lady may come and tell everyone moieties even use the media for advertising posts for a certain company yet there is no such, but since the society is stricken by poverty nobody will seem to worry about the scam as long as there are Jobs to be offered.At the end of the day they pay some bribery money and that gentleman or lady is gone forever with their money Bribery and how it affect the society Bribery is the act whereby a person offers or request a payment in return for a favor, for example. If person is caught speeding or driving under influence of alcohol or any kind of drugs, either the police officer ask for payment so that he She can let him/her go or the offender may offers to pay the police officer for his/her freedom.The practices like this had made the society to lose their faith on the police department as well as Justice. In some cases we find that people who are not qualified for a particular Job are being hired only because they had paid the recruiter, some company officials may even request for sex in return for a position. The company will end up with the pe ople who are not suitable for the Job and the exults will be very negative, since unqualified personnel will never be productive.If the company is no longer productive there will be a negative impact on the society, because a lot of people may lose their Jobs Just because of bribery. 3 4. 6 Private use of the public funds and property. Private use of the public funds and property has been a serious issue in South Africa, and it has resulted in non delivery of the services which the funds or property were meant for. There are cases whereby people die because they could not get the help room the police, Just because there were no vans at the police station since Mr. so and so had taken his wife to work with the police van.Incidents like these do not promote crime in the society, because the culprits know that the police are not responding to the cases which are being reported. In South Africa, corruption has been taken as a norm and it seems like it is an acceptable practice. It is ev ident that the society is not developing at all, in terms of infrastructure, service delivery as well as housing. We need to teach the value of morale TTY to the young ones who will be our next leaders.

Program Design Essay

Your final project will be to analyze, design, and document a simple program that utilizes a good design process and incorporates sequential, selection and repetitive programming statements as well as at least one function call and the use of at least one array. The specific problem you need to solve for the final project is: Design a program that will allow a user to Input a list of your family members along with their age and state where they reside. Determine and print the average age of your family and print the names of anyone who live in Texas. 1. Problem definition: Design a program that will allow a user to Input a list of your family members along with their age and state where they reside. Determine and print the average age of your family and print the names of anyone who live in Texas. Note: Your pseudcode, flow-chart and test cases will be submitted next week. 1 a) Write the problem statements as of what is needed to solve this problem. Ans  1a)First, I must create a program that will allow the user to input a list of their family members that will include their age and state of residence. The program will also compute and print out the average age of the family as well as print out the names of every family member that resides in the state of Texas. 1 b) Write your analysis of the problem and the design approaches that you will take to solve this problem. Ans 1b)  To begin with, I must first identify the input information. From the problem definition, I gathered that I will have 3 types of input data and they are: Family Members Names, Age, and State of Residence. The output data will consist of the average age of all the members of the family. Also I need an output printout of each family member that reside in Texas. Therefore, in my program I must be able to allow the user to input the information needed to calculate the average age of the family. To compute the output, I need  to create a formula that will give us the correct output information. The following formula can be used to achieve the desired output: Average Age of Family equals the total of family members ages divided by the number of family members Family that lives in Texas = Show the names of all family members IF they live in Texas To begin my design, I need to establish the variables that will control both our input information and output data. For my input data, I will use Name to identify the family members name. Name will be set as String Array data. I will use StateRes to identify the state of residence for each family member. StateRes will also be set as String Array type data. I will use AgeOfMem to recognize the family members age and it will be set as an Integer Array data type. To get all of this information in a table format, I will have to create an array in order to display the inputs and outputs properly. My output variables, they will be AvegAgeFam to identify the Average age of the Family. This data will be set as Float due to the fact that an average number could quite possibly be a decimal value. So to represent the output of showing all family that live in Texas, I will use ResOfTexas as a String data type. Now to answer meet the requirements of this assignment, I must create a function. Iâ⠂¬â„¢m going to create a function that will output the Average age of the Family. I’m going to utilize the Count function so we can also total and display how many family members live in Texas. Included will be the names of the function. The following formula will represent our Count function: Function AveAge (Age, Total, Count) As Float Set AveAge = Total / Count We must include loops in this program. The loops are going to be used to prompt the user to enter the information until the user is done. The Count function will be used to help calculate the Average Family Age. There will also be an IF element added to help the program figure out the family members that live in Texas. 1 c) Write the assumptions and limitations and how they will be handled in your project. Ans 1c)  In my project, there are numerous assumptions and limitations that are being handled in the pseudo code. First of all, this program is only designed to calculate the average age of all the family members that the user will input. There is no other calculation that the program has been designed to do. Secondly, the program does not give the user any option or chance to return to inputting more family members if they forgot to do so at the beginning. This program was not designed to have a set limit to how many inputs the user could enter. This list could keep going on and on. This program is created to calculate and display both the Average age of family Members and the residents who live in Texas. If the user wanted to display just one of the results, the user would have to do the whole program just to get one of the results. This is being handled by the pseudo code only being able to handle the calculations that are set. The user does not have the ability to let the progr am know how many family members will be entered before the user begins. To handle that, the Count function is being used in the psuedocode to obtain the correct output. 1 d) Provide an alternative analysis and design approach showing a different way to solve the same problem definition of family member in Texas. As you have learned, a single problem can be solved in more than one way by using different programming construct, by choosing different logics etc. Tell us a different way of solving the same problem. Ans 1d)   Now I must come up with an alternate design. I will have to make sure that my even though my design will change, the output of the original problem must remain the same. I will also have to keep the same user inputs as well. Taking a different approach in my pseudocode will make these changes possible. So for my 2nd analysis, the user inputs will remain the same from the original problem. The Family members Age, State, and Name will still be  used. However, this time we will build modules to be able to call up data when needed. We will have to call out subprograms in order to obtain the results we desire.. To begin with, we need to start with a Main module. This module is where the entire program is operated out of. It’s also where the user input is entered in. The main module is the head of all of the modules that will be discussed next. I will also create call modules under the main module that will be set up to calculate the average age of the family members and to print out the names of those living in Texas. Next I will create the second module which is the Call Module. This module will hold the calculations to compute the average age of all the family members that the user enters. Finally, I will need to build a results module. In this module, the user-entered family names will be used as input data. On the other hand, the output will only be those names of the family who live in Texas. This process will be conducted when we put an a IF statement within the module. Now I will construct my new design. So, just like the design before, I need to declare my variables. The variables will and should be the same due to the fact that the desired output has not changed. Therefore my declared variables will consist of the following: Declare Name As String Array, Declare StateRes As StringArray, Declare AgeOfMem As Integer Array, Declare AveAgeFam As Float, Declare ResOfTexas As String, and Declare Count As Integer. Calculations Module In this module, will use the formula that was used earlier in the first design. It is this formula that will compute the average age of the family. The average age will be determined by the sum of all the family members’ ages divided by the number of family member. Therefore if Count was equal to 2 and AgeOfMem [0] was equal to 16, and Age [1] = 20. So the AveAgeFam was equal to AgeOfMem[0] + Age[1] divided by Count This would be a total of 16 + 20 / 2 = 18. Finally, I would need to come up with a way for the names of members who live in Texas to be printed out. The psuedocode would use the StateRes array  data type to search for the user input of â€Å"Texas†. Then, it would display the names associated with that particular element. So if State[1] was equal to Texas, then any name such as: Name[1]=James inside the name array would be printed. Therefore, the output would look like this: â€Å"James†. This modular design would be an alternate way to complete the same results and output as originally described in the first example. The major pieces of this design consists of the arrays, modules, functions, and the loops. This will provide us with the outputs that are required from the initial questions asked.