The Catcher In The Rye English Language Essay

The backstop In The Rye side Language EssayConsidering an position novel as the reservoir document and its Iranian shifts as the target schoolbook, we mean to answer this question. Extracting barbarisms and non- dictions from the first chapter of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, is the first step to start. Then we made a comparison of gathered information with their Persian displacement reactions by Najafi and Karimi for the next stage.Following compensation scheme by adding target phraseology mother tongues somewhere in the translated texts by the Persian interpretive programs, is an open door to manage the accentatic loss in their translations.This indicates that, if in any case its not practical to translate a source verbiage idiom as an idiom in target spoken language, the translator tummy compensate the loss of the idiom by adding a target language idiom to places where there initially was a non-idiom.Key course face Idiom, Persian rendition, supplantin g Strategies, Compensation Strategy, root word Text (ST), Target Text (TT), Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL).IntroductionTranslation is generally explained as a functioning in which the translator transfers the pith of a SL text into TL under the circumstances of preserving the content and accuracy of headmaster text, as far as it is possible.Where there is no equivalent for a SL idiom in the TL, the translator gets throughout compensation strategy to fill this incurred gap. The more skilled the translator is, the better will be the translation.If you are enthusiastic to this issue as we are, this is the piece of music you can refer to and take your answer. abstractive BackgroundTranslationBell (ibid. 6) argues that a total equivalence between a source language text and its translation is something that can never be fully achieved. According to Bassnett-McGuire (1980 2), the aim of translation is that the meaning of the target language text is similar to that of the source language text, and that the structures of the SL will be exertd as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. In other words, the source language structure must not be imitated to such an extent that the target language text becomes ungrammatical or sounds other unnatural or clumsy.IdiomIdioms are the major and natural part of all languages as well as a prominent part of our passing(a) discourse. Idioms are such a normal part of our language use that we hardly even notice how vastly we use them in our everyday mother tongue and writing. English is a language full of idioms, so, learners of English should be aware of their nature, types, and use.Using many idioms in English language is 1 of the aspects that makes it somehow touchy to learn for a Persian learner. They can be used in formal style and in slang.Idiom is defined as a root word of words which puddle different meaning when used together from the one they would have if you took the meaning of each word individually (Collins Cobuild dictionary, 1990 edition).Indeed, the meaning of idiom can only be inferred through its meaning andfunction in place setting, as shown in the fonts below (from Fernando, 1996). ice lolly and butter, as in It was a wide bread and butter issue (see further below) bless you, which is usually used in the context of cordial expressions go to hell, which indicates that there is a conflict among interlocutors in an interpersonal contact In sum, which indicates relations among portions and components of a text.Idioms are a set of phrases have different meaning from its individual parts of the phrases. Sometimes it is hard to agnise the meaning of a phrase fitting by knowing the meaning of the words including in it e.g. paint the town red is a phrase which has a meaning other than the meaning of its words separately, it means having a good timeSome traditional theories of idiomaticity assumed that idioms are frozen, semantic units that are essentially non-compositional (Hambin Gibbs, 1999, p.26). However, there have been a number of semantic classification systems proposed since 1980 for rating the composition of idioms which basically give differing names to the same concepts (Grant Bauer, 2004).Translating Idiomsworking with English, the translator whitethorn easily recognize if an idiom violates truth conditions, as in it is raining cats and dogs, storm in a teacup, jump down someones throat, etc. It may be hard to recognize, if the idiom is not of this nature, and translators may just think of it as an ordinary expression, with the consequence of either losing its tone or losing its meaning.There are devil sources which may cause misinterpretationThe first possible source is that there are idioms which can mislead proofreaders/users they do not sound idiomatic at all, but at a closer look, careful readers would find the hidden idioms.An example given by Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye is got the axe in the following textThe manager warned me, but I didnt notice, so I got the axe.On the first look, readers may interpret it in terms of a person who took an axe and wanted to do something with it deal cut a tree but at a closer look, a careful reader may find out that means to lose the job.The snatch source of misinterpretation occurs when the words in an idiom have equivalents in the target language (i.e. in Persian) but with totally different meaning. some other good example given by Salinger is the idiomfor the birds.Winter weather is for the birds.At first it may be understood that this sentence means winter weather is good for the birds but it makes no sense because the meaning is really different and it means tinpot(prenominal) undesirable.Strategies used translating idiomsIdioms are culture bound and this is another challenge for the translator to transfer the exact meaning and content of SL idiom into TL idiom perfectly.For the involvement of solvin g these difficulties the translator may apply a strategy.Using the appropriate method in this process, the translators can get over the difficulties easily and it is valuable and utilizable for their works.Mona Baker, in her book In Other Words (1992, pp. 72-78) ,defines the following strategies for translating idiomatic expressions 1) Using an idiom of similar meaning and form, 2) Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, 3) by paraphrase, 4) by omission.(1) Using an idiom of similar meaning and formThe first translation strategy by Mona Baker is translating TL idiom similar in its form and meaning to the SL idiom.For example Tooth and nail (( (2) Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar formAnother strategy suggested by Mona Baker is translating a SL idiom into TL idiom the same meaning but different form. In this case, the translator does not preserve the lexical items and translate as a semantic equivalent.For example Acid tongue in her head. ( )(3) Tran slation by paraphraseThe most common strategy in translation of idioms is paraphrase. Translators often cannot translate a SL idioms as a TL idiom, therefore they use the paraphrase strategy by using a word or a group of words in TL exactly related to the meaning of that idiom in SL which may be a non-idiom.Newmark (1988, p.109) says that while using this strategy not only components of sense will be missing or added, but the emotive or pragmatic clash will be reduced or lost. Still, paraphrase is usually descriptive and explanatory sometimes it preserves the style of the original idiom as well.For example On tenterhooks. (( (4) Translation by omissionThis strategy is not used very frequently. In fact, it is not approved by many scholars and some of them do not include it among other translation strategies (Veisbergs, 1989). However, sometimes its impossible to translate a SL idiom into TL, so the translator may use another strategy called compensation. In this strategy the tra nslator omit an idiom and may put another idiom elsewhere in the TL text by preserving the proceeds of SL idiom.Compensation StrategyCompensation is a strategy most definitely worth considering, while it can be used as one possible strategy for dealing with idioms and quite an orderive one for compensating the loss caused by translating. Therefore, in order to preserve the idiomaticity of the original text and to avoid the mentioned loss, many translators apply to compensation in translating idioms as their final but workable strategy. That is when an idiom is not possible to be translated into TT, a translators last effort is to compensate an idiom by omitting that and putting an idiom in another place, by preserving the usage effect of idiom in the ST.Nida and Taber (1969) mention that, whereas one inevitably loses many idioms in the process of translation one also stands to gain a number of idioms (p. 106). Baker (1992) indicates that in compensation, a translator may leave ou t a feature such as idiomaticity where it arise in the ST and introduce it somewhere else in the TT (p. 78).In support of this idea, Newmark (1991) suggests that all puns, alliterations, rhyme, slang, metaphor and pregnant words can be compensated in translation. Though he further adds that, compensation is the procedure which in the last resort ensures that translation is possible (pp.143144).Theoretical frameworkWe agree with Lorenzo, M. et al., in that the first step a translator must take is to clearly define his objective before producing a translation which is as true as possible to the original text. matchless of the aspects of Hans Vermeers concept of skopos (1989227) is the establishment of a clearly defined objective or purpose for translationAny form of translation, including translation itself, may be understood as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose.The word skopos is a adept word for the aim or purpose of translation.Nidas Dynamic Equival enceIn the process of translating idioms, the translator may face many difficulties which is not a simple task to overcome.The major problem is the lack of equivalence in the process of translation. It would be desirable if a translator could find a TL idiom which is the same as that in structure and content of SL idiom. Anyway every language, two source and target, has its own idioms and it may be hard to find the detailed source equivalent in the target language.The definition of high-octane equivalence is initially given by Eugene A. Nida in his book Toward a Science of the Translation (Nida, E.A., 1964161). Nida is an American translator, scholar, teacher, leader, influencer, conceptualizer, innovator, and influential theoretician. Nida argued that there are ii different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence-which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence-and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention o n the message itself, in both form and content, unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon the principle of equivalent effect (1964159).Dynamic equivalence connects the target language and culture in order to make messages comprehensible to target language receptors. For instance, if we translate a phrase like two hemorrhages apiece literally into Persian, it will produce a nonsensical meaning for the Persian receptor. Idiomatic expressions may not seem understandable when translated from one language to another. In such cases the equivalence counterpart can be used to make it understandable to the receptor. In this view the translator has brought an equivalent which the original author most likely meant.MethodCorpusThe study is based on a contrastive comparison between the two Persian translations ofThe Catcher in the Rye by Muhammad Najafi and Ahmad Karimi. In this study we tried to achieve which of these translators has followed the compensation strategy in his own tra nslation, and whether they have been successful in this process or not.Gathering the dataCollecting the data, of course, is as important as other stages (like conclusion) and even more important. Because the more accurate the gathered data is so, the more favorable the result will be.Focusing on the process in this study, we long to explain the steps in data collecting, respectively. At the earliest step, we extracted English idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of the novel, then found their Persian equivalents from two Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi of the same novel. We aimed to know whether English idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not and whether English non-idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not. Then we read the aforementioned translated chapter by two translators several times to clarify if they may be idioms. We looked up English idioms in Idioms Oxford Dictionary, although we had difficulty in recognizing the exact idiom at first.On the other hand, as we are Persian students, it was not hard to find Persian idioms as difficult as English idioms, anyway. But on non-idioms, we considered the most English phrases or sentences which translated as idioms in TL.Maybe you ask why we chose this novel. As you know, of course, this novel is rich in idioms and it makes the work for researcher to access the idealistic results easier.Then we counted the idioms and non-idioms in both original text and its Persian translations by two translators. prorogue 1. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers IdiomsJ.D. Salingers IdiomsTotalTranslationNajafiKarimi44Idiomatic2218Non- Idiomatic2226In this table, we metric the total numbers of English idioms (N=44) which is translated by translators, either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. As you can see, here, Najafi translated more English idioms (N=44) into Persian idioms (N=22) than Karimi. We guess, this table will settle our claim that Najafi has transla ted much more skilful than Karimi, because he got use of compensation strategy by adding more Persian idioms than Karimi. Anyway, our purpose is not to compare persons and is just to determine if there is any use of compensation strategy in each of these translations.Table 2. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Non-idiomsJ.D. Salingers Non-IdiomsTotalTranslationNajafiKarimi42Idiomatic4226Non-Idiomatic016This table also illustrated that Najafi translated 42 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. On the other hand, Karimi translated 26 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. This table shows how Najafi and Karimi have functioned in translating non-idioms into idioms. By total non-idioms, we mean those which translated as idioms by Najafi and it will be our criteria for reckoning Karimis idioms and non-idioms.Table 3. Total Number of Different Data Extracted from Both Translations and the Original TextDataJ.D. SalingerNajafiKarimiIdiom446444 Non-idiom422242Total868686This table confirms that Najafi has translated the novel more idiomatic (N=64) than Karimi (N=44).Classifying the DataAfter extracting and counting the total idioms in both original text and its translations, it revealed that translators had applied 3 different translation strategies for idioms. These strategies wereTranslating English Idioms into Persian IdiomsTranslating English Idioms into Persian Non-idiomsTranslating English Non-idioms into Persian IdiomsAnalyzing the DataIn this stage, we canvass the whole collected data and calculated frequency and the percentage proportion of each strategy in the same translations. The results are shown in the tables belowTable 4. frequence and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by NajafiStrategyFrequencyPercentageTranslation of idiom with idiom2250Translation of idiom with non-idiom2250Total44 degree centigradeTable 5. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by KarimiStr ategyFrequencyPercentageTranslation of idiom with idiom1840.90Translation of idiom with non-idiom2659.10Total44 degree CelsiusTable 6. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by NajafiStrategyFrequencyPercentageTranslation of non-idiom with idiom42100Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom00Total42100Table 7. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by KarimiStrategyFrequencyPercentageTranslation of non-idiom with idiom2661.90Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom1638.10Total42100Table 8. Percentage of each Applied Strategies in both TranslationsStrategyNajafiKarimiTranslation of non-idiom with idiom10061.90Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom038.10Total100100ResultsThe results show that both translators, Najafi and Karimi, have applied three strategies in translating idioms translating English idioms with Persian idioms, translating English idioms with Persian non-idioms, translating English non-idioms with Persian idio ms, and translating English non-idioms with Persian non-idioms.One of the translators, Najafi, used more frequently the first and the third (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian idioms) strategy in his translation, on the other hand, the latter translator, Karimi, used the second and the last (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian non-idioms) strategy more often.Discussion and ConclusionAs mentioned before, its hard to translate a SL idiom into TL idiom regarding the accurateness and the faithfulness of SL into TL.In this stud, out of 44 extracted idioms from J.D. Salingers novel, 22 (50%) of the expressions have not been translated as idioms by Najafi. In the same case, Karimi has translated 18 (40.90%) of the idioms with Persian idioms and the remaining 26(59.10%) idioms have been translated non-idiomatically. This imbalance between the total number of idioms and their non-idiomatic translations causes a loss of idiomaticity in the Persian translated texts. Some of these idiomatic losses have been compensated for elsewhere in the text, since the translators have replaced some English language non-idioms with Persian idioms. By this strategy, Najafi has added 42 idioms and Karimi has added 26 idioms to their translations. We recognized that theres not the exact contrast in numbers of idioms in two languages(SL,TL), but its very common in translation. The translators were somehow successful here in compensating idiom gaps in the TL. Furthermore, they compensated those non-idiom expressions in the original context to function better on their translations.Compensation strategy is considered here as the best to translate idioms, non-idioms and figure of speech as well.